Beyond Benchmarking: Scenario-Based Evaluation of Large Language Models for Personalized Learning

Abstract:While large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being adopted to support personalized learning, there remains limited understanding of how their pedagogical behaviors differ in authentic learning scenarios. Existing evaluation practices often emphasize benchmark scores and overall model rankings, but such approaches usually provide limited insight into how LLMs diagnose student understanding and generate personalized guidance. This study proposes a scenario-based evaluation framework for closely examining LLM behavior in personalized learning support. Using a post-class tutoring setting as an illustrative example, a dataset comprising a student's responses to a set of data structures questions is provided to multiple LLMs. Each model is required to identify the underlying knowledge concepts, infer the student's mastery profile, and generate personalized guidance for improvement. To support consistent, reproducible and scalable comparison, Gemini is employed as an external evaluator across multiple pedagogically relevant dimensions, including diagnostic accuracy, instructional clarity, actionability, misconception identification, and appropriateness to the student's level. The resulting pairwise preferences are then fitted using the Bradley-Terry model to derive comparative strength estimates, while qualitative analysis and semantic visualization are used to further examine differences in feedback structure, diagnostic depth, and recommendation specificity. The key findings show that different LLMs exhibit distinguishable pedagogical behaviors within the same learning scenario and demonstrates how scenario-based evaluation can provide educationally meaningful signals for understanding model behavior in AI-enhanced education.

Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)

arXiv:2509.05346 [cs.AI]

(or arXiv:2509.05346v3 [cs.AI] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2509.05346 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite

arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website.

Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them.

Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs.