Benchmarking Optical Receivers for Quantum Communication and Randomness Certification

Abstract:The choice of optical receiver determines which properties of the transmitted states remain visible in the observed data and therefore affects the performance of different quantum protocols. We compare continuous-variable, photon-counting and hybrid receivers within the same prepare-and-measure framework, using semi-device-independent randomness generation as the main case study. The measurement device is left uncharacterised, while the source is described by the Gram matrix of its pure signal states using an energy-derived overlap constraint, a magnitude-Gram benchmark or the full complex Gram matrix of a certified coherent phase-shift-keyed constellation. Within this framework, the observed receiver statistics are used to bound $H_{\min}(B|X,\Lambda)$ against classical side information correlated with the measurement device but independent of the input. For a fixed Gram matrix, this bound is obtained from an exact semidefinite program, with complex multi-input cases treated in block-real form and checked through the corresponding dual certificate. Photon counting alone is phase blind for fixed-modulus phase encoding and therefore certifies no worst-case randomness. Continuous-variable receivers give the highest certified entropy at moderate energy, while under the nominal source calibration a hybrid receiver performs better at low energy when the beacon-region label is retained in the output. The same receiver statistics also provide receiver-level comparisons for discrete-modulated continuous-variable quantum key distribution, quantum reading, covert communication and quantum-signature verification, without replacing the full security analysis required for each protocol.

arXiv:2607.25702 [quant-ph]

(or arXiv:2607.25702v1 [quant-ph] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2607.25702 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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