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Augsburg Team Finds Light’s ‘gauge Dependence’ Follows Fixed Rule
For certain light-matter systems, calculations previously showed an unavoidable shift in predicted photon numbers depending on arbitrary choices made during modelling. Now, an exact algebraic law, ⟨ a^(dagger) arangle_λ = ⟨ a^(dagger) a⟩₀ + Cλ + Qλ², reveals how these values change with each choice. Crucially, this means that even at strong coupling within the thermodynamic limit, the Jaynes-Cummings gauge consistently minimises ground state photons for the Dicke model, improving upon existing methods to determine optimal gauges.
An exact algebraic relationship describes how many photons are present in light-matter systems when viewed through different gauges; this law predicts the ground-state photon count will change according to a quadratic polynomial linked to parameters defining those gauges. Even with careful selection, some residual photon content is unavoidable within models like the quantum Rabi and Dicke configurations exhibiting level splitting. Physicists routinely make choices during calculations to simplify how light interacts with matter; this reveals…
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