A Free Knob: Decoupling Calibration and Predictive Skill in Threshold-Based Evaluation

Abstract:Many dense-prediction benchmarks evaluate rare events by pooling prediction and target over spatial blocks, thresholding each, and scoring the contingency table. At a fixed rare operating point, the max-pooled Critical Success Index (CSI) confounds spatial discrimination with amplitude calibration: sharp observations promote many blocks above threshold, while attenuated predictions from squared-error regression leave the same blocks below it. We repurpose classical monotone calibration as a symmetric audit: a post-hoc transform fitted on held-out data and applied separately to each system. The transform cannot reverse pixel ordering, so any contrast it reproduces cannot establish improved spatial ranking. On SEVIR, two released checkpoints of one architecture differ by -29.5% in extreme-threshold CSI before the control and by +5.3% after it. Across 450 pairwise contrasts among 6 systems, the difference in pooled frequency-bias deviation is associated with how far the CSI contrast moves under the control (r = +0.796), and 51 contrasts reverse sign. At CasCast's published extreme-event operating point, the cascade-over-backbone CSI gap falls from 0.1601 to 0.0339, a 78.8% reduction; the remaining gap stays positive. The effect persists when the transform is fitted on a window before the test period, and calibration also reveals advantages hidden by a better-calibrated baseline. On geostationary infrared imagery the relative gain grows as events become rarer, crowd counting reproduces the bias-gain relationship under patch-sum pooling, and semantic segmentation, where frequency bias is already near one, shows little average change. The confound therefore requires both a fixed operating point and a training regime that leaves the output miscalibrated there. We recommend reporting pooled frequency bias and a symmetric held-out FreeKnob Audit alongside rare-event pool-and-threshold scores.

Machine Learning (cs.LG)

I.2.6; I.5.2; J.2

arXiv:2609.33457 [cs.LG]

(or arXiv:2609.33457v1 [cs.LG] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.33457 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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