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This research introduces PACT, a hybrid architecture that integrates reactive reinforcement learning policies with asynchronous deliberation from small language models (SLMs). By validating action plans through simulation before execution, the system maintains robust performance in unfamiliar environments without requiring costly retraining of the core policy. The findings suggest that combining fast reflexive agents with slower, deliberate planning capabilities offers significant advantages over standalone approaches for complex decision-making tasks.
When in Doubt, Plan It Out: Committed Small Language Model Deliberation for Reactive Reinforcement Learning
arXiv:2606.16995v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Reinforcement Learning (RL) policies often degrade in unfamiliar environments because they lack explicit deliberation. We propose Plan, Align, Commit, Think (PACT), a hybrid architecture that combines a fast, reactive RL policy with a slow, deliberative Small Language Model (SLM) planner. PACT invokes the SLM asynchronously to generate and validate candidate action plans. Once a plan is verified through simulation as safe, feasible, and complete, it is executed directly, bypassing the RL policy without retraining or modifying it. Evaluated on three FrozenLake configurations of increasing difficulty, PACT outperforms all baselines while relying on a 2B-parameter SLM backbone, suggesting that deliberative planning and reactive execution are more powerful in concert than either is alone in these settings.
Abstract:Reinforcement Learning (RL) policies often degrade in unfamiliar environments because they lack explicit deliberation. We propose Plan, Align, Commit, Think (PACT), a hybrid architecture that combines a fast, reactive RL policy with a slow, deliberative Small Language Model (SLM) planner. PACT invokes the SLM asynchronously to generate and validate candidate action plans. Once a plan is verified through simulation as safe, feasible, and complete, it is executed directly, bypassing the RL policy without retraining or modifying it. Evaluated on three FrozenLake configurations of increasing difficulty, PACT outperforms all baselines while relying on a 2B-parameter SLM backbone, suggesting that deliberative planning and reactive execution are more powerful in concert than either is alone in these settings.
Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Machine Learning (cs.LG)
arXiv:2606.16995 [cs.AI]
(or arXiv:2606.16995v1 [cs.AI] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2606.16995 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)
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