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This paper introduces USPLIT-VQA, a split learning architecture for Visual Question Answering that offloads computationally intensive intermediate layers to a server while keeping raw data on client devices. By integrating Contribution-Aware Weighted Aggregation, the framework effectively mitigates malicious updates and reduces communication overhead by over 10x compared to standard federated learning approaches. The study demonstrates significant privacy-preserving efficiency gains across multiple VQA datasets without compromising model utility in most scenarios.
USPLIT-VQA: U-Shaped Split Learning for Visual Question Answering with Contribution-Aware Weighted Aggregation
arXiv:2609.12168v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Visual Question Answering (VQA) systems, jointly interpreting images and natural language queries, hold significant promise across many domains, yet the privacy-sensitive nature of user data creates a fundamental barrier. Centralized training requires access to all data, while federated learning requires each client to host the full model. We propose USPLIT-VQA, a U-shaped split learning framework for privacy-preserving VQA in which each client retains the initial layers and the classification head while the server hosts the computationally heavy intermediate layers, keeping raw inputs and labels on the client device. We further introduce Contribution-Aware Weighted Aggregation (CAWA), a gradientsimilarity-based client scoring mechanism designed to reduce the influence of malicious updates. Experiments on four VQA datasets (VQA-RAD, SLAKE, PathVQA, and VizWiz) with two backbones show accuracy gains over Federated Learning for the Custom model and reduced accuracy for BiomedCLIP under the evaluated fixed split, alongside client memory reductions of up to 5.8X and communication reductions of up to 10.8X. With one malicious client, CAWA reduces the attacker's influence by over 98%, while experiments at higher corruption levels identify its limitations. Reconstruction experiments further show lower inversion quality under the evaluated attacks.
Abstract:Visual Question Answering (VQA) systems, jointly interpreting images and natural language queries, hold significant promise across many domains, yet the privacy-sensitive nature of user data creates a fundamental barrier. Centralized training requires access to all data, while federated learning requires each client to host the full model. We propose USPLIT-VQA, a U-shaped split learning framework for privacy-preserving VQA in which each client retains the initial layers and the classification head while the server hosts the computationally heavy intermediate layers, keeping raw inputs and labels on the client device. We further introduce Contribution-Aware Weighted Aggregation (CAWA), a gradientsimilarity-based client scoring mechanism designed to reduce the influence of malicious updates. Experiments on four VQA datasets (VQA-RAD, SLAKE, PathVQA, and VizWiz) with two backbones show accuracy gains over Federated Learning for the Custom model and reduced accuracy for BiomedCLIP under the evaluated fixed split, alongside client memory reductions of up to 5.8X and communication reductions of up to 10.8X. With one malicious client, CAWA reduces the attacker's influence by over 98%, while experiments at higher corruption levels identify its limitations. Reconstruction experiments further show lower inversion quality under the evaluated attacks.
Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
arXiv:2609.12168 [cs.CV]
(or arXiv:2609.12168v1 [cs.CV] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.12168 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)
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