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This arXiv paper proposes TIZSKT, a machine learning model that predicts student answers on new educational platforms that have question text but no response logs for training. Its main technical idea is to use question text as a lookup key for aggregating a student's past outcomes, rather than as a transferable predictive feature, and reported leave-one-domain-out results are modest and limited to three public datasets. Readers interested in transfer learning under cold-start conditions will find the separation of sequence modeling from historical evidence construction the most reusable part.
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Text as an Index for Zero-Shot Cross-Domain Knowledge Tracing

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arXiv:2610.41883v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Knowledge tracing (KT) predicts a student's next response from their history. New platforms often have question texts but no response logs for training, motivating zero-shot cross-domain KT. Existing transfer and cold-start methods use question semantics, but cross-platform semantic discrepancies limit transferability. We propose TIZSKT, which separates behavioral sequence modeling from domain-local historical evidence construction and uses text as an index rather than a directly transferable predictive representation. The Mastery-Dynamics Encoder learns correctness dynamics without question identifiers or text embeddings. Domain-Local Question Addressing builds fixed question addresses using a frozen text encoder and an unsupervised per-domain projection. The Text-Addressing Kernel uses these addresses to aggregate the current student's previous outcomes into a question-specific historical correctness summary. Cross-Segment Continuation retains access to earlier responses without extending the behavioral encoder's input sequence. Evidence-Volume Read-Out preserves the total kernel mass discarded by normalization and combines its log-compressed value with the behavioral state and historical correctness summary to predict the next response. All trainable parameters are learned from source domains; target inference uses public question texts and the current student's observed history without target-domain training. Leave-one-domain-out experiments on three public datasets show that TIZSKT achieves the highest mean AUC and accuracy among evaluated baselines on all target domains. Ablations confirm the contributions of text addressing and cross-segment continuation.

Abstract:Knowledge tracing (KT) predicts a student's next response from their history. New platforms often have question texts but no response logs for training, motivating zero-shot cross-domain KT. Existing transfer and cold-start methods use question semantics, but cross-platform semantic discrepancies limit transferability. We propose TIZSKT, which separates behavioral sequence modeling from domain-local historical evidence construction and uses text as an index rather than a directly transferable predictive representation. The Mastery-Dynamics Encoder learns correctness dynamics without question identifiers or text embeddings. Domain-Local Question Addressing builds fixed question addresses using a frozen text encoder and an unsupervised per-domain projection. The Text-Addressing Kernel uses these addresses to aggregate the current student's previous outcomes into a question-specific historical correctness summary. Cross-Segment Continuation retains access to earlier responses without extending the behavioral encoder's input sequence. Evidence-Volume Read-Out preserves the total kernel mass discarded by normalization and combines its log-compressed value with the behavioral state and historical correctness summary to predict the next response. All trainable parameters are learned from source domains; target inference uses public question texts and the current student's observed history without target-domain training. Leave-one-domain-out experiments on three public datasets show that TIZSKT achieves the highest mean AUC and accuracy among evaluated baselines on all target domains. Ablations confirm the contributions of text addressing and cross-segment continuation.

Computation and Language (cs.CL); Computers and Society (cs.CY); Machine Learning (cs.LG)

arXiv:2610.41883 [cs.CL]

(or arXiv:2610.41883v1 [cs.CL] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.41883 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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