Stabilizing Trajectory Outputs in End-to-End Autonomous Driving via SC-IMM Based Teacher Signals

arXiv:2609.21404v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: End-to-End autonomous driving models commonly predict future waypoints from sensor inputs and convert them into vehicle control commands through a downstream controller. However, conventional waypoint-based imitation learning mainly minimizes coordinate-level errors, making it difficult to capture scene-dependent path-speed changes and temporal instability across waypoint outputs. In this paper, we propose an offline teacher-signal generation and learning method for trajectory-output stabilization based on a Scene-Conditioned Interacting Multiple Model (SC-IMM) to mitigate this issue. The proposed method converts expert trajectories into path-speed states and performs IMM updates conditioned on scene cues to generate path-speed teacher labels and mode posterior probabilities. The generated signals are added to the original trajectory loss as auxiliary supervision during training, while the inference structure and waypoint controller remain unchanged. In closed-loop evaluation on 100 short routes in CARLA Town12, the proposed method improved the driving score by 28.0% and reduced Collision/km by 62.3% compared with the baseline, while also improving jerk and trajectory-variation metrics. These results demonstrate that offline teacher signals embedding scene-conditioned motion-model cues can guide trajectory-output driving models toward more stable closed-loop behavior.

Abstract:End-to-End autonomous driving models commonly predict future waypoints from sensor inputs and convert them into vehicle control commands through a downstream controller. However, conventional waypoint-based imitation learning mainly minimizes coordinate-level errors, making it difficult to capture scene-dependent path-speed changes and temporal instability across waypoint outputs. In this paper, we propose an offline teacher-signal generation and learning method for trajectory-output stabilization based on a Scene-Conditioned Interacting Multiple Model (SC-IMM) to mitigate this issue. The proposed method converts expert trajectories into path-speed states and performs IMM updates conditioned on scene cues to generate path-speed teacher labels and mode posterior probabilities. The generated signals are added to the original trajectory loss as auxiliary supervision during training, while the inference structure and waypoint controller remain unchanged. In closed-loop evaluation on 100 short routes in CARLA Town12, the proposed method improved the driving score by 28.0% and reduced Collision/km by 62.3% compared with the baseline, while also improving jerk and trajectory-variation metrics. These results demonstrate that offline teacher signals embedding scene-conditioned motion-model cues can guide trajectory-output driving models toward more stable closed-loop behavior.

Robotics (cs.RO)

arXiv:2609.21404 [cs.RO]

(or arXiv:2609.21404v1 [cs.RO] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.21404 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 1277-1284, Sep. 2026

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Stabilizing Trajectory Outputs in End-to-End Autonomous Driving via SC-IMM Based Teacher Signals

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