SQL-o1: Automatic Text-to-SQL Program Synthesis via Self-Reward Heuristic Search

arXiv:2502.11741v4 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Efficient human-database interaction is a core problem in software engineering. Text-to-SQL (Text2SQL) tackles this by mapping natural language questions to executable SQL queries, enabling automatic SQL synthesis and reliable interaction. Although large language models (LLMs) have advanced significantly, current approaches struggle with poor transferability to open-source LLMs, limited robustness against logic and function errors in complex queries, and inefficiencies in structured search. We introduce SQL-o1, a self-reward-driven heuristic search framework built on an agent-based architecture to enhance model reasoning capabilities. SQL-o1 leverages Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) for structured, multi-step exploration and incorporates a dynamic pruning strategy to accelerate inference without sacrificing accuracy. On the Spider and BIRD benchmarks, SQL-o1 achieves a 10.8-point execution accuracy improvement on the complex BIRD dataset, surpassing even GPT-4-based models. It exhibits strong few-shot generalization and robust cross-model transferability across open-source LLMs. Our code is available at https://github.com/ShuaiLyu0110/SQL-o1.