Segment-Level Risk Discovery in Online Handwriting for Alzheimer's Disease Detection

Abstract:Online handwriting provides a non-invasive and low-cost behavioral biomarker for Alzheimer's disease (AD) detection, as it reflects both cognitive planning and fine motor control. Existing handwriting-based AD detection methods usually rely on global trajectory features or whole-sample representations, which can be strongly affected by individual writing style, task-specific variation, and acquisition noise. In this paper, we propose NormPaST-Risk, a healthy-normative Paper-Air selective trajectory state-space risk network for interpretable AD detection from online handwriting. Instead of treating the entire trajectory as a single holistic representation, our method reformulates AD handwriting detection as local disease-relevant segment discovery. Specifically, a multi-scale temporal encoder captures stroke dynamics at different temporal resolutions, while a selective Paper-Air state-space encoder models long-range handwriting progression and distinguishes on-paper motor execution from in-air planning and transition behaviors. To explicitly characterize abnormal deviations, a healthy normative branch learns normal handwriting dynamics from healthy controls, and a task-aware multi-expert segment-risk module estimates segment-level AD risk calibrated by hidden-state changes and normative deviations. A weakly supervised segment-level objective further enables high-risk segment discovery without manual segment annotations. Experiments on the DARWIN benchmark demonstrate that the proposed framework achieves superior AD/HC classification performance compared with existing methods. Moreover, the discovered high-risk segments can be projected back to the original handwriting trajectory, providing interpretable evidence associated with AD-related handwriting variations.

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)

arXiv:2609.29384 [cs.CV]

(or arXiv:2609.29384v1 [cs.CV] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.29384 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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