RoleQ: Role-Aligned Scales for Converting Language Models to Ternary

arXiv:2610.21808v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Weight quantization below four bits shrinks memory and bandwidth at a perplexity that looks acceptable, but often at the cost of factual knowledge and task accuracy. Ternary weights have mostly been obtained by training from scratch or long fine-tuning. We introduce RoleQ, a quantization framework that places scales by the functional roles of Transformer units rather than by the layout of the weight matrix, as conventional formats do. Vectors that read from the residual stream take one scale per output unit; those that write to it, one per input unit. The rule is structural, needs no search, calibration or stored state, and holds on integer and ternary grids. In a rotated basis it matches a per-layer axis search at half the solver work, and at ternary it cuts perplexity by up to half against layout-based placement in two families at every size from 0.6B to 14B, where per-row scales leave MMLU at chance. Our lightweight post-training pipeline converts an existing checkpoint to 1.59 bits per weight in a few GPU-hours, a fraction of the cost of learned ternarization, and leads every post-training ternary method at matched or lower memory-resident bits on perplexity, zero-shot accuracy and MMLU, most widely on knowledge. A sparse second ternary plane placed by a per-unit Fisher saliency keeps the matmul multiplication-free and recovers what ternary loses first: at 8B, a fraction of a bit returns about half the MMLU that conversion costs, well ahead of random or Hessian-based placement at equal bits.

Abstract:Weight quantization below four bits shrinks memory and bandwidth at a perplexity that looks acceptable, but often at the cost of factual knowledge and task accuracy. Ternary weights have mostly been obtained by training from scratch or long fine-tuning. We introduce RoleQ, a quantization framework that places scales by the functional roles of Transformer units rather than by the layout of the weight matrix, as conventional formats do. Vectors that read from the residual stream take one scale per output unit; those that write to it, one per input unit. The rule is structural, needs no search, calibration or stored state, and holds on integer and ternary grids. In a rotated basis it matches a per-layer axis search at half the solver work, and at ternary it cuts perplexity by up to half against layout-based placement in two families at every size from 0.6B to 14B, where per-row scales leave MMLU at chance. Our lightweight post-training pipeline converts an existing checkpoint to 1.59 bits per weight in a few GPU-hours, a fraction of the cost of learned ternarization, and leads every post-training ternary method at matched or lower memory-resident bits on perplexity, zero-shot accuracy and MMLU, most widely on knowledge. A sparse second ternary plane placed by a per-unit Fisher saliency keeps the matmul multiplication-free and recovers what ternary loses first: at 8B, a fraction of a bit returns about half the MMLU that conversion costs, well ahead of random or Hessian-based placement at equal bits.

Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Computation and Language (cs.CL)

arXiv:2610.21808 [cs.AI]

(or arXiv:2610.21808v1 [cs.AI] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.21808 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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RoleQ: Role-Aligned Scales for Converting Language Models to Ternary

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