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This research presents the first real-time simulations of string breaking in 3+1D lattice quantum electrodynamics using tree tensor networks, establishing critical benchmarks for future quantum simulators. By mapping quench dynamics and competing decay channels like pair production, the study bridges theoretical lattice gauge theories with the physical dimensionality required for QED and QCD applications. These diagnostics are essential for validating the performance of next-generation quantum hardware tackling high-dimensional problems.
Real-Time String Dynamics in $3+1$D Lattice Quantum Electrodynamics
arXiv:2609.04114v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Understanding real-time string dynamics in three spatial dimensions is essential for connecting quantum simulations of lattice gauge theories (LGTs) to the physical dimensionality of QED and QCD, where transverse fluctuations and competing local processes proliferate. We present the first real-time simulations of string breaking in $3+1$D lattice quantum electrodynamics. Using tree tensor networks, we simulate the quench dynamics of electric flux strings in a $3\!+\!1$D U(1) LGT with dynamical matter. At strong coupling, the string breaks resonantly at a sharp resonance condition of mass and gauge couplings, converting electric energy into matter--antimatter pairs that screen the static charges. Off resonance, we classify all competing channels---pair production, string deformations and extensions, and flux loops---whose multiplicity, extensive for pair production and flux loops, depletes the string sector even far from resonance. A channel-resolved perturbation theory quantitatively reproduces these dynamics and their Fourier spectrum. Our results establish diagnostics and benchmarks for upcoming quantum simulators of higher-dimensional LGTs.
Abstract:Understanding real-time string dynamics in three spatial dimensions is essential for connecting quantum simulations of lattice gauge theories (LGTs) to the physical dimensionality of QED and QCD, where transverse fluctuations and competing local processes proliferate. We present the first real-time simulations of string breaking in $3+1$D lattice quantum electrodynamics. Using tree tensor networks, we simulate the quench dynamics of electric flux strings in a $3\!+\!1$D U(1) LGT with dynamical matter. At strong coupling, the string breaks resonantly at a sharp resonance condition of mass and gauge couplings, converting electric energy into matter--antimatter pairs that screen the static charges. Off resonance, we classify all competing channels---pair production, string deformations and extensions, and flux loops---whose multiplicity, extensive for pair production and flux loops, depletes the string sector even far from resonance. A channel-resolved perturbation theory quantitatively reproduces these dynamics and their Fourier spectrum. Our results establish diagnostics and benchmarks for upcoming quantum simulators of higher-dimensional LGTs.
High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat); Quantum Gases (cond-mat.quant-gas); High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
arXiv:2609.04114 [hep-lat]
(or arXiv:2609.04114v1 [hep-lat] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.04114 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)
From: Jad C. Halimeh [view email] [v1] Thu, 3 Sep 2026 17:18:01 UTC (2,363 KB)
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