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This research advances non-destructive diagnostics for integrated circuits by combining nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers with digital lock-in amplification to achieve high-speed, high-sensitivity microwave field imaging. The technique extracts weak magnetic signals from noise with a sensitivity of 126 nT/$\sqrt{Hz}$, enabling full-field image acquisition in seconds rather than minutes. This breakthrough facilitates quasi-real-time monitoring of dynamic RF devices and spintronic systems, addressing critical bottlenecks in on-chip microstrip characterization.
Rapid and high-sensitive NV-based microwave field imaging via digital lock-in amplification for on-chip microstrip diagnostics
arXiv:2609.05886v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: High-resolution, high-sensitivity microwave (MW) magnetic field imaging is indispensable for non-destructive integrated circuit (IC) testing, radio-frequency device characterization, and spintronic research. Yet, the practical utility of these techniques is severely constrained by the pervasive challenge of isolating weak magnetic signatures from intense optical and electronic noise, which fundamentally limits both acquisition speed and detection sensitivity. Here, we overcome this barrier by introducing a wide-field imaging scheme based on an ensemble of diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers, synergistically combined with digital lock-in amplification (DLA). By exploiting digital demodulation, the DLA precisely extracts the MW-field response at a specific modulation frequency from background noise (e.g., laser intensity fluctuations), dramatically improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Consequently, our system attains a magnetic field sensitivity of 126 nT/$\sqrt(Hz)$. Critically, the unprecedented SNR permits a pixel dwell time of under one millisecond, allowing full-field images to be acquired within seconds-more than an order of magnitude faster than state-of-the-art NV-based wide-field techniques. This combination of speed, sensitivity, and micron-scale spatial resolution (1.6 $\mu$m) paves the way for quasi-real-time, non-invasive diagnostics of dynamic MW devices and integrated circuits.
Abstract:High-resolution, high-sensitivity microwave (MW) magnetic field imaging is indispensable for non-destructive integrated circuit (IC) testing, radio-frequency device characterization, and spintronic research. Yet, the practical utility of these techniques is severely constrained by the pervasive challenge of isolating weak magnetic signatures from intense optical and electronic noise, which fundamentally limits both acquisition speed and detection sensitivity. Here, we overcome this barrier by introducing a wide-field imaging scheme based on an ensemble of diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers, synergistically combined with digital lock-in amplification (DLA). By exploiting digital demodulation, the DLA precisely extracts the MW-field response at a specific modulation frequency from background noise (e.g., laser intensity fluctuations), dramatically improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Consequently, our system attains a magnetic field sensitivity of 126 nT/$\sqrt(Hz)$. Critically, the unprecedented SNR permits a pixel dwell time of under one millisecond, allowing full-field images to be acquired within seconds-more than an order of magnitude faster than state-of-the-art NV-based wide-field techniques. This combination of speed, sensitivity, and micron-scale spatial resolution (1.6 $\mu$m) paves the way for quasi-real-time, non-invasive diagnostics of dynamic MW devices and integrated circuits.
Optics (physics.optics); Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
arXiv:2609.05886 [physics.optics]
(or arXiv:2609.05886v1 [physics.optics] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.05886 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)
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