Quantum Query Complexity Beyond the Worst Case

Abstract:Smoothed analysis is a central framework in classical algorithms for explaining the performance of algorithms beyond the worst case, often explaining why algorithms perform well in practice. We initiate a systematic study of its quantum counterpart and show the following results. $(1)$ We show that there is a total function whose smoothed quantum query complexity is exponentially smaller than its classical query complexity. $(2)$ We give near-tight characterizations of smoothed randomized and quantum query complexities for symmetric Boolean functions, unifying the worst-case complexity results of [Beals et al, FOCS'98] and average-case complexity results of [Ambainis and de Wolf, STACS'00]. $(3)$ We study string problems such as pattern matching and edit distance and, in various regimes, give polynomial to superpolynomial quantum speedups. Our main technical ingredients include a near-tight quantum algorithm for $\varepsilon$-approximating the number of collisions between two non-repetitive strings, improving the result of Le Gall and Ng [QIC'22]. Together, our results show that smoothing can reveal larger quantum speedups than worst-case analysis suggests, opening a path towards quantum advantage on more realistic inputs.

Quantum Physics (quant-ph); Computational Complexity (cs.CC)

arXiv:2609.35580 [quant-ph]

(or arXiv:2609.35580v1 [quant-ph] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.35580 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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