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This survey addresses the fragmentation of quantum high-performance computing (QHPC) software stacks by proposing openQSE, a reference architecture designed to unify runtime abstraction and resource management across proprietary solutions. By defining clear layer boundaries that support both current NISQ devices and future fault-tolerant systems, this work aims to enable interoperability without requiring changes to upper-level application interfaces. The initiative represents a critical step toward standardizing the software ecosystem necessary for scaling quantum computing within broader HPC environments.
Quantum-HPC Software Stacks and the openQSE Reference Architecture: A Survey
arXiv:2604.20912v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Quantum resources are increasingly integrated into high-performance computing (HPC) and cloud environments, but quantum high-performance computing (QHPC) software stacks remain isolated, often proprietary, full-stack solutions lacking common interfaces across runtime, resource management, orchestration, and execution layers. This paper analyzes nine production QHPC stacks and identifies common design patterns and emerging requirements, covering deployment models, application interaction patterns, SDK support, and readiness for fault-tolerant operation. The survey exposes consistent needs in runtime abstraction, resource management, interconnect semantics, and observability. Based on these findings, we propose the open quantum-HPC software ecosystem ( openQSE) reference architecture as a first step toward unifying the state-of-the-practice. openQSE defines a set of layer boundaries that allow different implementations to interoperate while preserving deployment flexibility, and is structured to support both current noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) workloads and future fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) systems without changes to upper-layer application interfaces.
Abstract:Quantum resources are increasingly integrated into high-performance computing (HPC) and cloud environments, but quantum high-performance computing (QHPC) software stacks remain isolated, often proprietary, full-stack solutions lacking common interfaces across runtime, resource management, orchestration, and execution layers. This paper analyzes nine production QHPC stacks and identifies common design patterns and emerging requirements, covering deployment models, application interaction patterns, SDK support, and readiness for fault-tolerant operation. The survey exposes consistent needs in runtime abstraction, resource management, interconnect semantics, and observability. Based on these findings, we propose the open quantum-HPC software ecosystem ( openQSE) reference architecture as a first step toward unifying the state-of-the-practice. openQSE defines a set of layer boundaries that allow different implementations to interoperate while preserving deployment flexibility, and is structured to support both current noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) workloads and future fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) systems without changes to upper-layer application interfaces.
Quantum Physics (quant-ph); Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing (cs.DC); Emerging Technologies (cs.ET); Software Engineering (cs.SE)
arXiv:2604.20912 [quant-ph]
(or arXiv:2604.20912v2 [quant-ph] for this version)
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