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PADM'E addresses the critical challenge of aligning language model evaluators with human judgment by synthesizing preference data without expensive human annotation. This method significantly improves agreement with human assessments in agentic settings while operating efficiently on small models and low computational budgets. The approach offers a scalable solution for validating the reliability of automated evaluation systems as they become central to AI development.
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PADM\'E: Preference Alignment Data Synthesis for Meta-Evaluation of LM Agent Evaluators

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arXiv:2609.36086v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Language models are frequently employed to evaluate other language models. An LM evaluator scoring agentic behaviors across multiple criteria is valuable, provided that its decisions align with human judgment. We call the problem of evaluating this alignment Meta-Evaluation. Tackling it directly is difficult: collecting human data is expensive, absolute scoring is hard to align, and using an LM meta-evaluator recurses the question of trustworthiness. We adopt a reformulation of meta-evaluation as a preference judgment problem: rather than comparing human and LM evaluator scores of a trajectory, we ask whether their implied preferences align. Building on this, we introduce PADM\'E, a data synthesis method that generates reliable criterion-based meta-evaluation data for agentic settings. PADM\'E uses only small language models, requires no human involvement during evaluations, and operates under a low computational budget. We build a prototype of PADM\'E and synthesize a dataset of 1,000 samples across four agentic domains and three evaluation criteria. Human validation on a 150-sample subset demonstrates that PADM\'E improves agreement with human judgment from 73% to 85% over a naive baseline. Meta-evaluating 25 common models with our dataset demonstrates the correlations between evaluation performance and scoring granularity, leniency, and model size, among other factors.

Abstract:Language models are frequently employed to evaluate other language models. An LM evaluator scoring agentic behaviors across multiple criteria is valuable, provided that its decisions align with human judgment. We call the problem of evaluating this alignment Meta-Evaluation. Tackling it directly is difficult: collecting human data is expensive, absolute scoring is hard to align, and using an LM meta-evaluator recurses the question of trustworthiness. We adopt a reformulation of meta-evaluation as a preference judgment problem: rather than comparing human and LM evaluator scores of a trajectory, we ask whether their implied preferences align. Building on this, we introduce PADMÉ, a data synthesis method that generates reliable criterion-based meta-evaluation data for agentic settings. PADMÉ uses only small language models, requires no human involvement during evaluations, and operates under a low computational budget. We build a prototype of PADMÉ and synthesize a dataset of 1,000 samples across four agentic domains and three evaluation criteria. Human validation on a 150-sample subset demonstrates that PADMÉ improves agreement with human judgment from 73% to 85% over a naive baseline. Meta-evaluating 25 common models with our dataset demonstrates the correlations between evaluation performance and scoring granularity, leniency, and model size, among other factors.

Accepted at the NeurIPS 2026 Workshop TAE (Trust-AI-Eval): Can We Trust AI Evaluation? 27 pages, 3 figures. Code and data at this https URL

Computation and Language (cs.CL); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)

arXiv:2609.36086 [cs.CL]

(or arXiv:2609.36086v1 [cs.CL] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.36086 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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