Observation of critical scaling in the Bose gas universality class

Abstract:Critical exponents characterize the divergent scaling of thermodynamic quantities near phase transitions and allow for the classification of physical systems into universality classes. While quantum gases thermalizing by interparticle interactions fall into the XY model universality class, the ideal Bose gas has been predicted to form a distinct universality class whose signatures have not yet been revealed experimentally. Here, we report the observation of critical scaling in a two-dimensional trapped quantum gas of essentially noninteracting photons, which thermalize by radiative contact to a reservoir of molecules inside a microcavity. By measuring the spatial correlations near the condensation transition, we determine the critical exponent for the correlation length to be $\nu = 0.52(4)$. Our results constitute a first experimental test of the long-standing scaling predictions for the Bose gas universality class.

Quantum Gases (cond-mat.quant-gas); Quantum Physics (quant-ph)

arXiv:2511.14754 [cond-mat.quant-gas]

(or arXiv:2511.14754v2 [cond-mat.quant-gas] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2511.14754 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite

Sci. Adv. 12, eaee2942 (2026)

https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aee2942 Focus to learn more DOI(s) linking to related resources

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