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This study demonstrates that fine-tuning open-source vision-language models on a novel synthetic dataset derived from public dietary recalls can outperform leading proprietary models in estimating 65 specific micronutrients from food images. By leveraging text-to-image generation to create 1.1 million annotated triplets, the authors bypass the need for expensive expert annotation while significantly reducing hallucination rates and abstention frequencies. The work establishes a new benchmark for clinical nutrition applications, proving that recall-driven synthetic supervision is a viable path to achieving comprehensive nutritional analysis without relying on closed-source APIs.
NutriMLLM: Multimodal Large Language Models for Dietary Micronutrient Analysis
arXiv:2606.08948v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Comprehensive estimation of dietary micronutrients from food images could improve clinical nutrition care, but training such models requires large multimodal datasets linking diverse foods to complete nutrient profiles. We first show that existing multimodal large language models (MLLMs), including leading proprietary models, are unreliable for this task. Across five model families and four independent evaluation benchmarks (ASA24, SNAPMe, FNDDS, and NutriBench), models frequently abstained or returned statistically implausible values. To address this gap without costly expert annotation, we repurposed a decade of population-scale 24-hour dietary recalls as structured prompts for text-to-image generation. This pipeline produced a synthetic corpus of about 1.1 million image-description-nutrient triplets, each pairing a generated food image with a complete 65-nutrient label. To our knowledge, this is the largest synthetic food-image corpus with comprehensive micronutrient annotation planned for public release upon publication. Fine-tuning Qwen3-VL (2B/4B/8B/30B) and GLM-4.6V-Flash on this corpus yielded NutriMLLM, the first family of vision-language models specialized for comprehensive dietary micronutrient estimation. We evaluate these models with a four-component framework that separately measures abstention, hallucination, overall usability, and per-nutrient numerical accuracy. On real food images, every NutriMLLM variant achieved near-complete coverage across all 65 nutrients, and the largest variant matched or exceeded proprietary baselines (GPT-5, Gemini 3, and Claude Sonnet 4.5) in accuracy on most nutrients. These results show that recall-driven synthetic supervision can make image-based comprehensive micronutrient estimation a tractable engineering problem and support dietary assessment, personalized nutrition guidance, and population-scale micronutrient surveillance.
Abstract:Comprehensive estimation of dietary micronutrients from food images could improve clinical nutrition care, but training such models requires large multimodal datasets linking diverse foods to complete nutrient profiles. We first show that existing multimodal large language models (MLLMs), including leading proprietary models, are unreliable for this task. Across five model families and four independent evaluation benchmarks (ASA24, SNAPMe, FNDDS, and NutriBench), models frequently abstained or returned statistically implausible values. To address this gap without costly expert annotation, we repurposed a decade of population-scale 24-hour dietary recalls as structured prompts for text-to-image generation. This pipeline produced a synthetic corpus of about 1.1 million image-description-nutrient triplets, each pairing a generated food image with a complete 65-nutrient label. To our knowledge, this is the largest synthetic food-image corpus with comprehensive micronutrient annotation planned for public release upon publication. Fine-tuning Qwen3-VL (2B/4B/8B/30B) and GLM-4.6V-Flash on this corpus yielded NutriMLLM, the first family of vision-language models specialized for comprehensive dietary micronutrient estimation. We evaluate these models with a four-component framework that separately measures abstention, hallucination, overall usability, and per-nutrient numerical accuracy. On real food images, every NutriMLLM variant achieved near-complete coverage across all 65 nutrients, and the largest variant matched or exceeded proprietary baselines (GPT-5, Gemini 3, and Claude Sonnet 4.5) in accuracy on most nutrients. These results show that recall-driven synthetic supervision can make image-based comprehensive micronutrient estimation a tractable engineering problem and support dietary assessment, personalized nutrition guidance, and population-scale micronutrient surveillance.
Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
arXiv:2606.08948 [cs.CV]
(or arXiv:2606.08948v1 [cs.CV] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2606.08948 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)
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