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This research introduces CHARM, a graph neural network framework that unifies attention maps and activation traces into attributed graphs to detect LLM hallucinations more effectively than existing heuristics. By casting detection as a graph learning task, the method demonstrates superior performance across diverse benchmarks while offering promising zero-shot transfer capabilities without requiring extensive retraining on new datasets.
Neural Message-Passing on Attention Graphs for Hallucination Detection
arXiv:2509.24770v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) often generate incorrect or unsupported content, known as hallucinations. Existing detection methods rely on heuristics or simple models over isolated computational traces such as activations, or attention maps. We unify these signals by representing them as attributed graphs, where tokens are nodes, edges follow attentional flows, and both carry features from attention scores and activations. Our approach, CHARM, casts hallucination detection as a graph learning task and tackles it by applying GNNs over the above attributed graphs. We show that CHARM provably subsumes prior attention-based heuristics and, experimentally, it consistently outperforms other leading approaches across diverse benchmarks. Our results shed light on the relevant role played by the graph structure and on the benefits of combining computational traces, whilst showing CHARM exhibits promising zero-shot performance on cross-dataset transfer.
Abstract:Large Language Models (LLMs) often generate incorrect or unsupported content, known as hallucinations. Existing detection methods rely on heuristics or simple models over isolated computational traces such as activations, or attention maps. We unify these signals by representing them as attributed graphs, where tokens are nodes, edges follow attentional flows, and both carry features from attention scores and activations. Our approach, CHARM, casts hallucination detection as a graph learning task and tackles it by applying GNNs over the above attributed graphs. We show that CHARM provably subsumes prior attention-based heuristics and, experimentally, it consistently outperforms other leading approaches across diverse benchmarks. Our results shed light on the relevant role played by the graph structure and on the benefits of combining computational traces, whilst showing CHARM exhibits promising zero-shot performance on cross-dataset transfer.
Machine Learning (cs.LG)
arXiv:2509.24770 [cs.LG]
(or arXiv:2509.24770v2 [cs.LG] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2509.24770 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite
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