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This research introduces a rank-2 projection subspace to better disentangle the interactions between parametric and external context knowledge in Large Language Models during multi-step generation. By moving beyond binary, rank-1 models, the study reveals distinct alignment patterns for supportive versus conflicting information and identifies how hallucinations disproportionately rely on internal parametric knowledge. These findings offer a more nuanced framework for analyzing NLE grounding and improving model reliability across longer reasoning sequences.
Multi-Step Knowledge Interaction Analysis via Rank-2 Subspace Disentanglement
arXiv:2511.01706v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Natural Language Explanations (NLEs) describe how Large Language Models (LLMs) make decisions by drawing on external Context Knowledge (CK) and Parametric Knowledge (PK). Understanding the interaction between these sources is key to assessing NLE grounding, yet these dynamics remain underexplored. Prior work has largely focused on i) single-step generation and ii) modeled PK--CK interaction as a binary choice within a rank-1 subspace. This approach overlooks richer interactions and how they unfold over longer generations, such as complementary or supportive knowledge. We propose a novel rank-2 projection subspace that disentangles PK and CK contributions more accurately and use it for the first multi-step analysis of knowledge interactions across longer NLE sequences. Experiments across four QA datasets and three open-weight LLMs demonstrate that rank-1 subspaces struggle to represent diverse interactions, whereas our rank-2 formulation captures them effectively, highlighting PK alignment for supportive interactions and CK alignment for conflicting ones. Our multi-step analysis reveals that hallucinated generations exhibit strong alignment with the PK direction, though context-faithful generations maintain a more balanced alignment between PK and CK.
Abstract:Natural Language Explanations (NLEs) describe how Large Language Models (LLMs) make decisions by drawing on external Context Knowledge (CK) and Parametric Knowledge (PK). Understanding the interaction between these sources is key to assessing NLE grounding, yet these dynamics remain underexplored. Prior work has largely focused on i) single-step generation and ii) modeled PK--CK interaction as a binary choice within a rank-1 subspace. This approach overlooks richer interactions and how they unfold over longer generations, such as complementary or supportive knowledge. We propose a novel rank-2 projection subspace that disentangles PK and CK contributions more accurately and use it for the first multi-step analysis of knowledge interactions across longer NLE sequences. Experiments across four QA datasets and three open-weight LLMs demonstrate that rank-1 subspaces struggle to represent diverse interactions, whereas our rank-2 formulation captures them effectively, highlighting PK alignment for supportive interactions and CK alignment for conflicting ones. Our multi-step analysis reveals that hallucinated generations exhibit strong alignment with the PK direction, though context-faithful generations maintain a more balanced alignment between PK and CK.
Computation and Language (cs.CL); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Machine Learning (cs.LG)
arXiv:2511.01706 [cs.CL]
(or arXiv:2511.01706v3 [cs.CL] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2511.01706 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite
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