analiza aiqbench
This research introduces LUMOS, a diagnostic framework that validates Large Language Model knowledge by tracing the causal link between specific training data exposure and behavioral outputs. The study reveals a significant gap where models internally encode rare facts with high separability but fail to express them behaviorally, a limitation that persists even when using chain-of-thought prompting. By shifting evaluation from speculative output analysis to verified training-data grounding, this work establishes a new standard for assessing genuine generalization versus rote memorization in LLMs.
LUMOS: Tracing Parametric Knowledge from Training Data to Behavioral Outputs in LLMs
arXiv:2610.02902v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Current analyses of LLMs' parametric knowledge are largely output-centric, drawing conclusions about what a model knows without verifying what it was actually trained on. This leaves fundamental questions, such as whether a correct response reflects genuine generalization or rote memorization, grounded in speculation rather than evidence. To resolve these ambiguities, we introduce LUMOS, a diagnostic framework that traces knowledge along the causal chain from training-data exposure to behavioral output, leveraging OLMo 2 with its fully transparent training corpus. By grounding analysis in verified exposure, we reveal that models internally encode rare facts with high separability (84%) yet fail to express them behaviorally (54%), though this retrieval gap narrows with scale. Furthermore, when models are asked to self-reflect on their own answers, they perform reliably on trained content (83%) but drop to random-baseline levels (49%) on unseen content. This collapse persists even under chain-of-thought prompting, which inflates confidence signals rather than improving calibration. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that incorporating the training-data axis into LLM evaluation transforms speculative diagnoses into verifiable claims, and we advocate that this axis should be a standard component of knowledge assessment in LLMs.
Abstract:Current analyses of LLMs' parametric knowledge are largely output-centric, drawing conclusions about what a model knows without verifying what it was actually trained on. This leaves fundamental questions, such as whether a correct response reflects genuine generalization or rote memorization, grounded in speculation rather than evidence. To resolve these ambiguities, we introduce LUMOS, a diagnostic framework that traces knowledge along the causal chain from training-data exposure to behavioral output, leveraging OLMo 2 with its fully transparent training corpus. By grounding analysis in verified exposure, we reveal that models internally encode rare facts with high separability (84%) yet fail to express them behaviorally (54%), though this retrieval gap narrows with scale. Furthermore, when models are asked to self-reflect on their own answers, they perform reliably on trained content (83%) but drop to random-baseline levels (49%) on unseen content. This collapse persists even under chain-of-thought prompting, which inflates confidence signals rather than improving calibration. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that incorporating the training-data axis into LLM evaluation transforms speculative diagnoses into verifiable claims, and we advocate that this axis should be a standard component of knowledge assessment in LLMs.
Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
arXiv:2610.02902 [cs.AI]
(or arXiv:2610.02902v1 [cs.AI] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.02902 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)
arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website.
Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them.
Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs.
Text integral sub licența deschisă a publicației · 280 cuvinte
Subiecte conexe
[AINews] not much happened today
Latent Space · 18 sept. 2026
Projection sampling preserves capabilities but diminishes gains from alignment fine-tuning
LessWrong · 16 oct. 2026
[AINews] Opus 5.5 is good at explainer videos
Latent Space · 29 sept. 2026
[AINews] The Future of Latent Space
Latent Space · 25 sept. 2026