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This research introduces ProtoTrigger, a novel EEG encoder designed to optimize the accuracy-time trade-off in adaptive temporal decision-making for brain-computer interfaces. By leveraging prototype learning and attention mechanisms, the system achieves state-of-the-art performance across diverse paradigms while enabling real-time operation in augmented reality settings. The work represents a significant advancement in machine learning applications for decoding neural activity with dynamic observation windows.
Learning Dynamic Neural Evidence Representations for Time-Adaptive Brain-Computer Interfaces
arXiv:2609.22088v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) decode neural activity into commands, yet most existing systems rely on fixed-window decoding that may result in redundant observation or unreliable predictions due to insufficient evidence. Adaptive temporal decision-making (ATDM) addresses this accuracy-time trade-off by progressively accumulating EEG evidence and deciding when to stop. However, existing EEG encoders are mainly designed for fixed-window decoding and may not provide reliable state representations under variable observation lengths. In addition, current ATDM-oriented encoders are typically tailored to specific EEG paradigms, limiting their applicability across different BCI tasks. To address these limitations, we propose ProtoTrigger, a two-stage prototype learning-based EEG state encoder for ATDM. ProtoTrigger uses prototype matching to extract stable local EEG embeddings and prototype-based attention to aggregate decision-relevant temporal evidence during progressive observation. Offline evaluations across three EEG paradigms demonstrated state-of-the-art accuracy-time trade-offs and strong generalizability across different EEG paradigms. An online human-in-the-loop augmented reality-based BCI experiment further demonstrated its real-time feasibility. These results suggest that ProtoTrigger provides a general EEG state encoding framework for efficient ATDM-based BCI systems.
Abstract:Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) decode neural activity into commands, yet most existing systems rely on fixed-window decoding that may result in redundant observation or unreliable predictions due to insufficient evidence. Adaptive temporal decision-making (ATDM) addresses this accuracy-time trade-off by progressively accumulating EEG evidence and deciding when to stop. However, existing EEG encoders are mainly designed for fixed-window decoding and may not provide reliable state representations under variable observation lengths. In addition, current ATDM-oriented encoders are typically tailored to specific EEG paradigms, limiting their applicability across different BCI tasks. To address these limitations, we propose ProtoTrigger, a two-stage prototype learning-based EEG state encoder for ATDM. ProtoTrigger uses prototype matching to extract stable local EEG embeddings and prototype-based attention to aggregate decision-relevant temporal evidence during progressive observation. Offline evaluations across three EEG paradigms demonstrated state-of-the-art accuracy-time trade-offs and strong generalizability across different EEG paradigms. An online human-in-the-loop augmented reality-based BCI experiment further demonstrated its real-time feasibility. These results suggest that ProtoTrigger provides a general EEG state encoding framework for efficient ATDM-based BCI systems.
Signal Processing (eess.SP); Human-Computer Interaction (cs.HC); Machine Learning (cs.LG); Neurons and Cognition (q-bio.NC)
arXiv:2609.22088 [eess.SP]
(or arXiv:2609.22088v1 [eess.SP] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.22088 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite
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