Knowing What Not to Answer: Selective Non-Compliance in Vision-Language Models

Abstract:Vision-language models (VLMs) are expected to respond helpfully to appropriate requests while withholding compliance with requests that are incorrect, unsafe, infeasible, or unanswerable. However, existing benchmarks predominantly evaluate non-compliance at the level of the query as a whole, assuming that each request either warrants compliance or requires withholding compliance. In practice, real-world queries can contain a mixture of answerable content and components for which compliance should be withheld. In this paper, we introduce KoNA, a benchmark for evaluating selective non-compliance in VLMs across five categories: False Premise, Visual Inaccessibility, Universal Unknown, Task Feasibility, and Safety. Each task evaluates two capabilities: query-level non-compliance and component-level non-compliance under paired single and compound queries. Our evaluation across diverse VLMs shows that models often fail to refuse, correct, or abstain appropriately, and these failures become more pronounced when queries require selective non-compliance. To address this challenge, we fine-tune VLMs using KoNA examples that require selective non-compliance, together with a fully answerable set that should receive direct answers. Our fine-tuned models achieve substantial improvements in non-compliance accuracy while largely maintaining performance on fully answerable tasks. These results suggest that the fine-tuned models can distinguish between answerable components and those requiring non-compliance and respond in a task-appropriate manner.

EMNLP 2026 Main Conference (43 pages). Code and dataset available at this https URL

Computation and Language (cs.CL); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)

arXiv:2609.04720 [cs.CL]

(or arXiv:2609.04720v1 [cs.CL] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.04720 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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