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The paper applies supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning to an 8B-parameter model so it can write and refine TVM MetaSchedule optimization scripts for GPU kernels. Its reported results, including gains over six larger frontier LLMs, are self-reported on a preprint and depend on the benchmark setup, so independent replication matters. For ML readers, the useful signal is the shaped reward that gives latency bonuses only to numerically correct kernels, and whether task-specific training of small models can beat general-purpose LLMs on narrow compiler tasks.
How to Train Your Little Dragon: Teaching a Small Language Model to Construct and Refine GPU Optimization Scripts
arXiv:2610.20980v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Compiler transformations interact, making GPU kernel optimization a search for combinations that preserve the computation while improving performance. We introduce HOW TO TRAIN YOUR LITTLE DRAGON, a training method that teaches a small language model both to construct complete optimization scripts and to improve existing ones. Instead of ranking candidates or generating kernel code, our model generates optimization scripts. We devise a compact, lossless representation whose deterministic decoding reconstructs the exact compiler trace, preserving its transformation parameters and dependencies. We use a compiler framework TVM MetaSchedule to build training data on 54,116 distinct workloads, and construct 108,594 examples in two training sets: 60,236 teach the model to generate an optimized script from an unoptimized kernel, while 48,358 teach it to produce a better script given the kernel and a somewhat optimized script. Supervised fine-tuning teaches the model to construct and improve optimization scripts from these search-derived examples. We then add reinforcement learning with a shaped reward that combines correctness with measured performance, awarding a latency-based bonus only to numerically correct kernels. We apply this training method to a model with 8 billion parameters. After supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning, the model achieves per-attempt correctness of 91.27% for construction and 92.01% for refinement, while reinforcement learning produces faster kernels than supervised training on 88 of 102 construction tasks and 145 of 170 refinement prompts. With only 8B parameters, our LITTLE DRAGON achieves higher per-attempt correctness and better kernel performance than six frontier LLMs: GPT-6 Astra, Opus 5, Kimi-K3, and GLM-5.3 among them, each with hundreds of billions to trillions of parameters, for which task-specific training is unavailable or expensive.
Abstract:Compiler transformations interact, making GPU kernel optimization a search for combinations that preserve the computation while improving performance. We introduce HOW TO TRAIN YOUR LITTLE DRAGON, a training method that teaches a small language model both to construct complete optimization scripts and to improve existing ones. Instead of ranking candidates or generating kernel code, our model generates optimization scripts. We devise a compact, lossless representation whose deterministic decoding reconstructs the exact compiler trace, preserving its transformation parameters and dependencies. We use a compiler framework TVM MetaSchedule to build training data on 54,116 distinct workloads, and construct 108,594 examples in two training sets: 60,236 teach the model to generate an optimized script from an unoptimized kernel, while 48,358 teach it to produce a better script given the kernel and a somewhat optimized script. Supervised fine-tuning teaches the model to construct and improve optimization scripts from these search-derived examples. We then add reinforcement learning with a shaped reward that combines correctness with measured performance, awarding a latency-based bonus only to numerically correct kernels. We apply this training method to a model with 8 billion parameters. After supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning, the model achieves per-attempt correctness of 91.27% for construction and 92.01% for refinement, while reinforcement learning produces faster kernels than supervised training on 88 of 102 construction tasks and 145 of 170 refinement prompts. With only 8B parameters, our LITTLE DRAGON achieves higher per-attempt correctness and better kernel performance than six frontier LLMs: GPT-6 Astra, Opus 5, Kimi-K3, and GLM-5.3 among them, each with hundreds of billions to trillions of parameters, for which task-specific training is unavailable or expensive.
Machine Learning (cs.LG); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
arXiv:2610.20980 [cs.LG]
(or arXiv:2610.20980v1 [cs.LG] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.20980 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)
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