Higher Resolution, Better Generalization: Unlocking Visual Scaling in Deep Reinforcement Learning

Abstract:Pixel-based deep reinforcement learning agents are typically trained on heavily downsampled visual observations, a convention inherited from early benchmarks rather than grounded in principled design. In this work, we show that observation resolution is a critical yet overlooked variable for policy learning: higher-resolution inputs can substantially improve both performance and generalization, provided the network architecture can process them effectively. We find that the widely used Impala encoder, which flattens spatial features into a vector, suffers from quadratic parameter growth as resolution increases and fails to leverage the additional visual detail. We test different modifications to the Impala architecture and conclude that, in particular, introducing a global average pooling layer, as in the Impoola architecture, yields consistent improvements across resolutions and network widths while decoupling parameter count from resolution - at their respective best conditions, visual scaling unlocks a 28 % performance gain for Impoola over Impala. These gains are strongest in environments that require precise perception of small or distant objects, and gradient saliency analysis suggests that the underlying mechanism is a more spatially localized visual attention of the policy at higher resolutions. Our results challenge the prevailing practice of aggressive input downsampling and position resolution-independent architectures as a simple, effective path toward scalable visual deep reinforcement learning.

Machine Learning (cs.LG)

arXiv:2605.10546 [cs.LG]

(or arXiv:2605.10546v2 [cs.LG] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2605.10546 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite

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