Graph-Transformer Fraud Detection with Self-Supervised Pretraining and Conformal Risk Control

arXiv:2609.14234v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Financial fraud in corporate transaction networks has grown more coordinated and harder to detect with rule-based engines and with classical learning models that treat each transaction in isolation. This paper presents GTFD, a graph-transformer fraud detector that fuses structural and temporal evidence from a corporation's payment graph. GTFD encodes the graph with a multi-head graph attention network, encodes ordered transaction sequences with a gated transformer, and combines both views through a cross-modal gating layer. A conformal risk-control head converts the fused representation into threshold-free anomaly scores with finite-sample coverage guarantees, and the network is trained with self-supervised link-mask pretraining plus adversarial augmentation so it remains stable under scarce labels and under adversarial perturbation. On a corporate transaction benchmark enriched with coordinated fraud rings, GTFD reaches an AUROC of 0.990, an F1-score of 96.1% (precision 96.3%, recall 95.9%), and an accuracy of 98.4%. It reduces the false-positive rate by about 29% relative to the strongest baseline while raising coordinated fraud-ring recall from 85.1% to 96.5%. Ablations attribute roughly 2.0 AUROC points to self-supervised pretraining and 1.9 AUROC points to the conformal head, and adversarial stress tests show GTFD retains 89.2% accuracy at perturbation magnitude 0.20 where the next-best model falls to 76.4%.

Abstract:Financial fraud in corporate transaction networks has grown more coordinated and harder to detect with rule-based engines and with classical learning models that treat each transaction in isolation. This paper presents GTFD, a graph-transformer fraud detector that fuses structural and temporal evidence from a corporation's payment graph. GTFD encodes the graph with a multi-head graph attention network, encodes ordered transaction sequences with a gated transformer, and combines both views through a cross-modal gating layer. A conformal risk-control head converts the fused representation into threshold-free anomaly scores with finite-sample coverage guarantees, and the network is trained with self-supervised link-mask pretraining plus adversarial augmentation so it remains stable under scarce labels and under adversarial perturbation. On a corporate transaction benchmark enriched with coordinated fraud rings, GTFD reaches an AUROC of 0.990, an F1-score of 96.1% (precision 96.3%, recall 95.9%), and an accuracy of 98.4%. It reduces the false-positive rate by about 29% relative to the strongest baseline while raising coordinated fraud-ring recall from 85.1% to 96.5%. Ablations attribute roughly 2.0 AUROC points to self-supervised pretraining and 1.9 AUROC points to the conformal head, and adversarial stress tests show GTFD retains 89.2% accuracy at perturbation magnitude 0.20 where the next-best model falls to 76.4%.

Machine Learning (cs.LG); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)

arXiv:2609.14234 [cs.LG]

(or arXiv:2609.14234v1 [cs.LG] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.14234 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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Graph-Transformer Fraud Detection with Self-Supervised Pretraining and Conformal Risk Control

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