Genuine Information Backflow Requires Noncommuting Initial System States

Abstract:The Gorini-Kossakowski-Lindblad-Sudarshan (GKLS) equation, a cornerstone of open-system theory, describes Markovian semigroup dynamics in which information about the initial preparation cannot revive. Beyond this regime, information revivals are widely interpreted as backflow from a non-Markovian environment. However, a decrease followed by an increase in information retrievable from the system need not imply that information has returned from the environment [PRX Quantum 6, 020316 (2025)]. It may instead arise from noise correlations unrelated to the system's initial preparation, carried by inert degrees of freedom that never interact with the system and therefore cannot mediate backflow. Such revivals are called extrinsic; genuine backflow is reserved for revivals that cannot be explained this way. The framework developed in that work, however, assumes access to arbitrary initial system states, an assumption often incompatible with physical constraints or limited experimental control. This leaves open which properties of the available preparations are necessary for an information revival to certify genuine backflow. Here we extend the framework to allow the description of restricted families of initial states and show that genuine backflow is possible only if the family contains noncommuting states. If all available states commute, as in a classical stochastic process, every revival can be explained by a suitable inert extension and is therefore extrinsic. Noncommutativity of the available system states is thus necessary for information revivals to provide an operational signature of environmental memory.

21 pages, 4 figures. Submitted to Open Systems & Information Dynamics

arXiv:2610.15430 [quant-ph]

(or arXiv:2610.15430v1 [quant-ph] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.15430 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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