General Quantum Protocol for Communication via Maximally Entangled $n$-Qubit States

Abstract:This study presents a generalized n--bit superdense coding protocol that enables the transmission of n classical bits of information using an entangled n--qubit quantum system and the transmission of $n-1$ qubits. The protocol involves creating a maximally entangled n--qubit state, encoding the classical message with Pauli--Z and Pauli--X gates, and then transmitting and decoding the message via quantum communication, quantum operations, and measurements. The key novelty of this work is an explicit, scalable n--bit encoding routine, realized on the GHZ channel with a low--depth circuit using only single--qubit Pauli--X and Pauli--Z operations. The protocol was tested on real quantum hardware using Qiskit 2.0 and the IBM--Fez quantum computer for message lengths of 4, 6, 8, and 10 bits. Results show that success rates decrease as message length, circuit depth, and gate count increase, largely due to increased Pauli--X gate usage for messages with higher Hamming weight. Strategies to improve performance include sending messages in shorter segments and advances in qubit coherence and gate fidelity. This work offers a practical and easily scalable quantum communication protocol with potential applications in quantum networks and communication systems.

arXiv:2512.14280 [quant-ph]

(or arXiv:2512.14280v2 [quant-ph] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2512.14280 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite

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