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This study introduces GameBoyWorlds as a rigorous benchmark to evaluate whether AI agents can autonomously improve through self-directed exploration without relying on external rewards or documentation. The results reveal significant limitations in current frontier models, which struggle with multimodal grounding and fail to complete tasks even when pre-exposed to related game titles. This work highlights the critical gap between parametric knowledge and true autonomous skill acquisition in embodied interactive environments.
GameBoyWorlds: A Testbed for Self-Improvement in Embodied Video Games
arXiv:2609.32093v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Powered by expert guidance, agents can operate in interactive environments; however, it is unclear whether they can learn autonomously from their own experience. To evaluate such self-improvement methods, we introduce GameBoyWorlds, a testbed for agentic self-improvement in video games. GameBoyWorlds-Execution evaluates task execution on a collection of 5 distinct game series. Agents are allowed access to dedicated training games but are provided no demonstrations, documentation, or rewards. Agents must ground themselves in the environment through self-directed exploration and by inferring actionable knowledge from their own experience. At test time, agents must complete short-horizon tasks that evaluate their ability to navigate, interact, and engage with game-specific mechanics in unseen games. Out-of-the-box frontier models complete fewer than 50% of the 500 tasks due to failures in multimodal grounding, establishing that self-improvement methods have room to push performance. We demonstrate that contemporary approaches to self-improvement are lacking, with world modelling and autonomous skill discovery failing, and a novel strategy that uses curiosity-based exploration to write guides achieving only partial success. GameBoyWorlds-Playthrough tests end-to-end game completion in two fan-made Pok\'emon games. We show that while frontier models have been pre-exposed to official releases such as Pok\'emon Red, they lack essential information on the games in our testbed. Instead of relying on their parametric knowledge to succeed, agents must learn from their own experience and autonomously improve over the course of the playthrough. We show that a sophisticated agentic pipeline with multimodal memory and hierarchical subgoals fails to reach even the first major milestone in both games, establishing GameBoyWorlds as an ambitious target for self-improving agents.
Abstract:Powered by expert guidance, agents can operate in interactive environments; however, it is unclear whether they can learn autonomously from their own experience. To evaluate such self-improvement methods, we introduce GameBoyWorlds, a testbed for agentic self-improvement in video games. GameBoyWorlds-Execution evaluates task execution on a collection of 5 distinct game series. Agents are allowed access to dedicated training games but are provided no demonstrations, documentation, or rewards. Agents must ground themselves in the environment through self-directed exploration and by inferring actionable knowledge from their own experience. At test time, agents must complete short-horizon tasks that evaluate their ability to navigate, interact, and engage with game-specific mechanics in unseen games. Out-of-the-box frontier models complete fewer than 50% of the 500 tasks due to failures in multimodal grounding, establishing that self-improvement methods have room to push performance. We demonstrate that contemporary approaches to self-improvement are lacking, with world modelling and autonomous skill discovery failing, and a novel strategy that uses curiosity-based exploration to write guides achieving only partial success. GameBoyWorlds-Playthrough tests end-to-end game completion in two fan-made Pokémon games. We show that while frontier models have been pre-exposed to official releases such as Pokémon Red, they lack essential information on the games in our testbed. Instead of relying on their parametric knowledge to succeed, agents must learn from their own experience and autonomously improve over the course of the playthrough. We show that a sophisticated agentic pipeline with multimodal memory and hierarchical subgoals fails to reach even the first major milestone in both games, establishing GameBoyWorlds as an ambitious target for self-improving agents.
Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
arXiv:2609.32093 [cs.AI]
(or arXiv:2609.32093v1 [cs.AI] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.32093 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)
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