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This survey establishes a unified taxonomy for model fusion, categorizing techniques into parameter-level, representation-level, and behavior-level integration to address the challenge of synthesizing capabilities across millions of existing models. By mapping current benchmarks and challenges in this emerging field, the work provides a critical structural framework for advancing efficient large language model deployment and reuse.
Surse care acoperăarXiv, LessWrong, AI Alignment Forum, Latent Space
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From Parameters to Behaviors: A Survey of Model Fusion for Large Language Models

arXiv2 min de cititArticolul și perspectiva sunt în engleză.

arXiv:2609.19553v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Model fusion integrates the capabilities from source models into a single target model. As of June 2026, Hugging Face hosts more than 2M models. This growing pool provides a rich base for model reuse and capability integration. Yet existing surveys often cover only separate parts of this space, and they do not provide a unified definition or a systematic taxonomy. This survey defines model fusion and organizes prior work into three levels: parameter-level, representation-level, and behavior-level fusion. We also review related metrics, benchmarks, and applications, summarize current challenges, and identify future directions. Our goal is to provide a clear map of this area and support future work on model fusion. A comprehensive list of papers about model fusion is available at https://github.com/Baicaihaochi/Awesome-Model-Fusion-Survey.

Abstract:Model fusion integrates the capabilities from source models into a single target model. As of June 2026, Hugging Face hosts more than 2M models. This growing pool provides a rich base for model reuse and capability integration. Yet existing surveys often cover only separate parts of this space, and they do not provide a unified definition or a systematic taxonomy. This survey defines model fusion and organizes prior work into three levels: parameter-level, representation-level, and behavior-level fusion. We also review related metrics, benchmarks, and applications, summarize current challenges, and identify future directions. Our goal is to provide a clear map of this area and support future work on model fusion. A comprehensive list of papers about model fusion is available at this https URL.

25 pages, 4 figures. Accepted to Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2026

Computation and Language (cs.CL)

arXiv:2609.19553 [cs.CL]

(or arXiv:2609.19553v1 [cs.CL] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.19553 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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