Federated Transfer Learning for Medical Image Classification under Mixed Skew

arXiv:2611.05035v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Deep learning in medical imaging is constrained by data scarcity and by privacy regulations that make centralizing patient data across institutions impractical. Federated Learning (FL) addresses these constraints by keeping data local, but its distributed nature exposes training to strong statistical heterogeneity. Multicentric medical data is particularly affected, exhibiting a mixed skew that combines feature, label, concept, and quantity shifts across centers. Personalized FL mitigates heterogeneity by tailoring a model to each client, yet most methods assume training from scratch, which is unrealistic given the high dimensionality of medical features relative to the limited data available. We propose the Personalized Aligner Federated Pretrained (PAFP) framework, a personalized FL approach built on a pre-trained backbone. PAFP inserts client-specific Feature Alignment modules before the fine-tuned blocks to realign hidden feature distributions toward a server-aggregated target. On the FedISIC benchmark, PAFP attains the highest unweighted balanced accuracy while reducing inter-client performance variance roughly six-fold relative to the strongest baseline, yielding accuracy and cross-client equity jointly. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/Alexandre-Leclercq/PAFP.

Abstract:Deep learning in medical imaging is constrained by data scarcity and by privacy regulations that make centralizing patient data across institutions impractical. Federated Learning (FL) addresses these constraints by keeping data local, but its distributed nature exposes training to strong statistical heterogeneity. Multicentric medical data is particularly affected, exhibiting a mixed skew that combines feature, label, concept, and quantity shifts across centers. Personalized FL mitigates heterogeneity by tailoring a model to each client, yet most methods assume training from scratch, which is unrealistic given the high dimensionality of medical features relative to the limited data available. We propose the Personalized Aligner Federated Pretrained (PAFP) framework, a personalized FL approach built on a pre-trained backbone. PAFP inserts client-specific Feature Alignment modules before the fine-tuned blocks to realign hidden feature distributions toward a server-aggregated target. On the FedISIC benchmark, PAFP attains the highest unweighted balanced accuracy while reducing inter-client performance variance roughly six-fold relative to the strongest baseline, yielding accuracy and cross-client equity jointly. Our code is publicly available at this https URL.

8 pages, 5 figures and 2 tables. Presented at 4th IEEE International Conference on Federated Learning Technologies and Applications (FLTA 2026)

Machine Learning (cs.LG); Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)

arXiv:2611.05035 [cs.LG]

(or arXiv:2611.05035v1 [cs.LG] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2611.05035 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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Federated Transfer Learning for Medical Image Classification under Mixed Skew

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