Extending Item Response Theory for Efficient and Meaningful Multilingual Evaluation

Abstract:Multilingual benchmarks are central to evaluating large language models (LLMs) across languages, but they suffer from three issues: exhaustive evaluation scales linearly with the number of languages, automatic translation introduces errors that are easily missed at scale, and some items conflate general and culture-specific knowledge. We address all three with a unified statistical framework, Multilingual-IRT, which extends Item Response Theory with per-language difficulty deviations, split discriminability separating content from language effects, and per-language ability residuals. Fitting Multilingual-IRT on 25 LLMs across 29 languages of MMLU-Pro-X, we show that its fitted parameters support three practical applications: predicting unobserved (item, LLM, language) instances with 11-16% lower binary cross-entropy than the strongest accuracy-based baseline, surfacing candidate translation errors distributed across all 28 non-English languages, whereas accuracy-based baselines concentrate detections in a few languages, and recovering culture-specific items that accuracy-based baselines miss.

Computation and Language (cs.CL)

arXiv:2606.15643 [cs.CL]

(or arXiv:2606.15643v1 [cs.CL] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2606.15643 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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