Entanglement and apparent thermality in simulated black holes

arXiv:2509.22774v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: We investigate the apparent thermality of Hawking radiation in the semi-classical limit of quantum black holes using the mean-field limit of a chiral spin-chain simulator, which models fermions propagating on a black hole space-time in the continuum. In this free-theory regime, no genuine thermalisation occurs. Nevertheless, we show that a bipartition across the event horizon yields a reduced density matrix whose mode occupations follow an apparent thermal Fermi-Dirac distribution. In contrast, partitions away from the horizon do not exhibit such thermal distributions, reflecting the absence of thermal behaviour. Our results demonstrate that Hawking radiation appears thermal only with respect to horizon bipartitions in free theories, with genuine thermal behaviour expected to emerge only in the presence of strong interactions deep in the black hole interior, a study of which we leave for future work.

Abstract:We investigate the apparent thermality of Hawking radiation in the semi-classical limit of quantum black holes using the mean-field limit of a chiral spin-chain simulator, which models fermions propagating on a black hole space-time in the continuum. In this free-theory regime, no genuine thermalisation occurs. Nevertheless, we show that a bipartition across the event horizon yields a reduced density matrix whose mode occupations follow an apparent thermal Fermi-Dirac distribution. In contrast, partitions away from the horizon do not exhibit such thermal distributions, reflecting the absence of thermal behaviour. Our results demonstrate that Hawking radiation appears thermal only with respect to horizon bipartitions in free theories, with genuine thermal behaviour expected to emerge only in the presence of strong interactions deep in the black hole interior, a study of which we leave for future work.

High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el); General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); Quantum Physics (quant-ph)

arXiv:2509.22774 [hep-th]

(or arXiv:2509.22774v3 [hep-th] for this version)

SciPost Phys. Core 9, 067 (2026)

https://doi.org/10.21468/SciPostPhysCore.9.4.067 DOI(s) linking to related resources

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Entanglement and apparent thermality in simulated black holes

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