Efficient and scalable inter-module switching for distributed quantum computing architectures

arXiv:2508.19088v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computers of the future will likely be modular by necessity or by design. Modularity is inevitable if the substrate cannot support the desired error-correction code due to its planar geometry or manufacturing constraints resulting in a limited number of logical qubits per module. Even if the computer is compact enough there may be functional requirements to distribute the quantum computation substrate over distant regions of varying scales. In both cases, matter-based quantum information, such as spins, ions or neutral atoms, is the most conveniently transmitted or mediated by photonic interconnects. To avoid long algorithm execution times and reduce errors, each module of a universal quantum computer should be dynamically interconnected with as many other modules as possible. This task relies on an optical switching network providing any-to-any or sufficiently high simultaneous connectivity. In this work we construct several novel and decentralized switching schemes based on the properties of the Generalized Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (GMZI) that are more economic and less noisy compared to commonly considered alternatives while achieving the same functionality. We show that as the number of logical patches $n$ grows the active optical depth scales as $\Theta(\log{n})$ without sacrificing the logical qubit connectivity.

Abstract:Large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computers of the future will likely be modular by necessity or by design. Modularity is inevitable if the substrate cannot support the desired error-correction code due to its planar geometry or manufacturing constraints resulting in a limited number of logical qubits per module. Even if the computer is compact enough there may be functional requirements to distribute the quantum computation substrate over distant regions of varying scales. In both cases, matter-based quantum information, such as spins, ions or neutral atoms, is the most conveniently transmitted or mediated by photonic interconnects. To avoid long algorithm execution times and reduce errors, each module of a universal quantum computer should be dynamically interconnected with as many other modules as possible. This task relies on an optical switching network providing any-to-any or sufficiently high simultaneous connectivity. In this work we construct several novel and decentralized switching schemes based on the properties of the Generalized Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (GMZI) that are more economic and less noisy compared to commonly considered alternatives while achieving the same functionality. We show that as the number of logical patches $n$ grows the active optical depth scales as $\Theta(\log{n})$ without sacrificing the logical qubit connectivity.

Quantum Physics (quant-ph); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Optics (physics.optics)

arXiv:2508.19088 [quant-ph]

(or arXiv:2508.19088v3 [quant-ph] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2508.19088 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite

2026 Quantum Sci. Technol. 11 045021

https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ae9801 Focus to learn more DOI(s) linking to related resources

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Efficient and scalable inter-module switching for distributed quantum computing architectures

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