Contextual Linear Activation Steering of Language Models

arXiv:2604.24693v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Linear activation steering is a powerful approach for controlling and specializing large language models by adding linear representations of concepts to their activations at inference. While effective, existing methods often steer with a fixed strength, independent of how much steering any given input requires. In this work, we introduce Contextual Linear Activation Steering (CLAS), which decomposes activation steering into a fixed steering direction and a context-dependent steering coefficient. This decomposition preserves the interpretability of the steering direction while enabling the steering strength to vary with context. It also enables CLAS to perform selective steering: steering multiple behaviors across different portions of a single generation, which cannot be achieved using a fixed steering strength. In addition, across a wide range of steering benchmarks and language models, CLAS consistently outperforms standard linear activation steering and matches or exceeds ReFT and LoRA in settings with limited labeled data. Notably, CLAS achieves this using directions that also serve as reliable concept monitors, a property that directions learned via fine-tuning lack. We therefore propose CLAS as an interpretable and accurate method for controlling and specializing large language models.