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This paper treats calibration as an operational problem for language-model classifiers used in high-stakes gating, such as phishing and fraud triage. Its main finding is that coarse, zero-shot API scores can make temperature scaling and isotonic regression behave like raw thresholding at low false-positive rates, so conformal calibration gives a real finite-sample guarantee on legitimate-event rates but costs recall, and the results depend on the model. The guarantee holds only under exchangeability, and the authors explicitly leave discrimination, workload, and robustness to distribution shift as open empirical questions.
ConformalGuard: False-Positive-Controlled Action Gating for LM Classifiers
arXiv:2610.14365v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Language model classifiers are increasingly deployed for high-stakes decisions such as phishing screening, content moderation, and fraud triage, yet validation-set thresholds provide no finite-sample control of deployment-time false positives. We present ConformalGuard, a model-agnostic calibration layer that wraps a fixed scoring function with finite-sample control over the rate at which legitimate inputs trigger an intervention tier. Our contribution is empirical and operational, not a new conformal theorem: zero-shot LM API scores can be coarse enough (10--11 unique values here) to make temperature scaling and isotonic regression operationally identical to raw thresholding for low-FPR action gating. We compare these methods with conformal calibration for fine-tuned BERT, Claude Sonnet 4, and GPT-4o on public email corpora. For Claude, conformal calibration reduces FPR from 0.040 to 0.008 while recall falls from 0.938 to 0.875. For deterministic GPT-4o scores, the 1% operating point is too conservative to deploy (recall 0.564); three-run stochastic averaging raises recall to 0.732 at FPR 0.005. At 2% prevalence with BERT, conformal calibration removes 25 false-positive reviews per 10,000 emails (95% CI [10, 43]). The guarantee is legitimate-event-rate control under exchangeability; discrimination, workload effects, and robustness to shift remain empirical.
Abstract:Language model classifiers are increasingly deployed for high-stakes decisions such as phishing screening, content moderation, and fraud triage, yet validation-set thresholds provide no finite-sample control of deployment-time false positives. We present ConformalGuard, a model-agnostic calibration layer that wraps a fixed scoring function with finite-sample control over the rate at which legitimate inputs trigger an intervention tier. Our contribution is empirical and operational, not a new conformal theorem: zero-shot LM API scores can be coarse enough (10--11 unique values here) to make temperature scaling and isotonic regression operationally identical to raw thresholding for low-FPR action gating. We compare these methods with conformal calibration for fine-tuned BERT, Claude Sonnet 4, and GPT-4o on public email corpora. For Claude, conformal calibration reduces FPR from 0.040 to 0.008 while recall falls from 0.938 to 0.875. For deterministic GPT-4o scores, the 1% operating point is too conservative to deploy (recall 0.564); three-run stochastic averaging raises recall to 0.732 at FPR 0.005. At 2% prevalence with BERT, conformal calibration removes 25 false-positive reviews per 10,000 emails (95% CI [10, 43]). The guarantee is legitimate-event-rate control under exchangeability; discrimination, workload effects, and robustness to shift remain empirical.
12 pages. Published at COLM 2026. Code: this https URL
Machine Learning (cs.LG)
arXiv:2610.14365 [cs.LG]
(or arXiv:2610.14365v1 [cs.LG] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.14365 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)
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