Compression Technique Interactions in Small Language Models: A Factorial Ablation Study

arXiv:2611.00464v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Deploying small language models on resource-constrained hardware requires compression, yet practitioners lack systematic guidance on how quantization, pruning, and post-compression recovery interact when combined. We present a factorial ablation study evaluating 72 compression configurations across four SLM architectures (2.7B-7B parameters), extended with a 48-configuration ordering analysis, benchmark accuracy validation on 30 compressed models, and robustness checks including multi-seed validation and full-corpus perplexity evaluation. INT8 quantization is effectively lossless (<0.5% accuracy degradation), while NF4 quantization combined with L1 magnitude pruning causes model collapse in all 16 tested combinations. LoRA-based fine-tuning reduces degraded perplexity by up to 97% after aggressive pruning; an ablation against standard fine-tuning without a teacher model shows the recovery is driven by LoRA adaptation itself rather than the distillation signal. Compression ordering shows no significant effect among viable configurations (ANOVA p = 0.96) but determines viability for NF4+pruning combinations. INT8 quantization alone provides 40-45% memory reduction with no quality loss. On-device CPU deployment via llama.cpp confirms these findings transfer off the GPU: 4-bit quantization runs 46-54% faster than 8-bit for a perplexity difference under 0.5 points, while un-structured pruning yields no CPU latency or memory benefit, consistent with its dense storage format.