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This study refines the evaluation of LLMs by framing memorization as a specific subset of pattern-based reasoning rather than a binary alternative to genuine reasoning. The authors introduce a two-dimensional benchmark that successfully isolates models' ability to handle asymmetric scenarios requiring the tracking of fragmented epistemic states, revealing a persistent gap between surface-level robustness and deep inference complexity. For researchers, this distinction offers a more granular metric for assessing when models rely on familiar templates versus true logical deduction in multi-agent contexts.
Beyond Memorization: Distinguishing Between Pattern-Based and Epistemic Reasoning in LLMs Using Epistemic Puzzles
arXiv:2603.21350v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Epistemic reasoning requires agents to infer the state of the world from partial observations and information about other agents' knowledge. Prior work evaluating LLMs on epistemic puzzles often frames failures as memorization rather than reasoning. We argue that this dichotomy is too coarse for newer models: memorization is a limiting case of pattern-based reasoning, where a model matches a task to a familiar template and applies the corresponding solution. We introduce a two-dimensional benchmark over DEL-style puzzles, separating narrative familiarity from inference complexity, allowing us to distinguish pattern-based from epistemic reasoning. We find that models are substantially more robust to surface form changes than prior work suggested, yet consistently struggle in asymmetric settings where familiar patterns no longer apply and success requires tracking fragmented epistemic states.
Abstract:Epistemic reasoning requires agents to infer the state of the world from partial observations and information about other agents' knowledge. Prior work evaluating LLMs on epistemic puzzles often frames failures as memorization rather than reasoning. We argue that this dichotomy is too coarse for newer models: memorization is a limiting case of pattern-based reasoning, where a model matches a task to a familiar template and applies the corresponding solution. We introduce a two-dimensional benchmark over DEL-style puzzles, separating narrative familiarity from inference complexity, allowing us to distinguish pattern-based from epistemic reasoning. We find that models are substantially more robust to surface form changes than prior work suggested, yet consistently struggle in asymmetric settings where familiar patterns no longer apply and success requires tracking fragmented epistemic states.
Computation and Language (cs.CL)
arXiv:2603.21350 [cs.CL]
(or arXiv:2603.21350v2 [cs.CL] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2603.21350 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite
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