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This research introduces TIIPS, a novel framework for Programming-by-example (PBE) that enables cooperative reasoning by interleaving transductive and inductive methods rather than treating them as mutually exclusive. By preventing one paradigm from dictating the other's trajectory, this approach significantly improves program synthesis accuracy across multiple domains while better aligning generated code with ground-truth behavior. The work represents a meaningful advancement in few-shot AI reasoning architectures that integrates symbolic logic directly into neural workflows.
Beyond Either-Or Reasoning: Transduction and Induction as Cooperative Problem-Solving Paradigms
arXiv:2505.14744v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Traditionally, in Programming-by-example (PBE) the goal is to synthesize a program from a small set of input-output examples. Lately, PBE has gained traction as a few-shot reasoning benchmark, relaxing the requirement to produce a program artifact altogether which allows transductive methods to directly the missing output sample. Transduction and induction are complementary reasoning modes--where induction derives general rules from examples, transduction leverages the examples directly to infer specific outputs without intermediate generalization. Yet existing approaches either treat them as mutually exclusive or couple them in hybrid structures where one paradigm dictates a fixed trajectory for the other -- undermining the latter's reasoning potential and creating cascading errors. We move away from these hierarchical models and introduce cooperative transductive-inductive problem solving: by interleaving both reasoning modes and ensuring neither unconditionally dominates the other, we preserve the search autonomy and reasoning capacity of each paradigm. We instantiate this concept in TIIPS. Across three PBE domains, TIIPS consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines and generates programs that more closely mirror ground-truth trajectories in both syntax and semantics, indicating a better match to the intended program behavior. Our findings highlight cooperative reasoning as a promising new direction for harnessing the full power of symbolic, inductive and neural, transductive reasoning.
Abstract:Traditionally, in Programming-by-example (PBE) the goal is to synthesize a program from a small set of input-output examples. Lately, PBE has gained traction as a few-shot reasoning benchmark, relaxing the requirement to produce a program artifact altogether which allows transductive methods to directly the missing output sample. Transduction and induction are complementary reasoning modes--where induction derives general rules from examples, transduction leverages the examples directly to infer specific outputs without intermediate generalization. Yet existing approaches either treat them as mutually exclusive or couple them in hybrid structures where one paradigm dictates a fixed trajectory for the other -- undermining the latter's reasoning potential and creating cascading errors. We move away from these hierarchical models and introduce cooperative transductive-inductive problem solving: by interleaving both reasoning modes and ensuring neither unconditionally dominates the other, we preserve the search autonomy and reasoning capacity of each paradigm. We instantiate this concept in TIIPS. Across three PBE domains, TIIPS consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines and generates programs that more closely mirror ground-truth trajectories in both syntax and semantics, indicating a better match to the intended program behavior. Our findings highlight cooperative reasoning as a promising new direction for harnessing the full power of symbolic, inductive and neural, transductive reasoning.
Programming Languages (cs.PL); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Machine Learning (cs.LG)
arXiv:2505.14744 [cs.PL]
(or arXiv:2505.14744v3 [cs.PL] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.14744 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite
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