Bayesian phase transition for the critical Ising model: Enlarged replica symmetry in the epsilon expansion and in 2D

arXiv:2604.23346v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: A process that images or measures bond energies in the critical Ising model can be in distinct measurement 'phases', depending on the precision of measurement. We study the transition into the strong-measurement phase using replica field theory (an epsilon expansion around six dimensions), a symmetry analysis, and numerical simulations in two dimensions. The results show that certain inference problems possess unexpected structure associated with an enlarged symmetry of the replica description. The symmetry imposes constraints on correlation functions, and is an analog of the Nishimori phenomenon in the Ising spin glass, but in a distinct replica limit. It determines the exact critical exponent for an Edwards-Anderson-like correlator in the measured Ising model, both in 2D and near the upper critical dimension. The symmetry is present microscopically for certain measurement protocols, and it emerges in the infrared for generic protocols at the critical measurement strength. We also examine the epsilon expansion for models with power-law interactions and/or long-range measurement. Finally, we describe an analogous replica symmetry enlargement for measurement in Wegner's lattice gauge theory.