Balancing Quasi-Bragg Regime and Velocity Selectivity in Quantum-Enhanced Atom Interferometry

arXiv:2605.21643v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Spin squeezing in atomic ensembles enables atom interferometry with sensitivities below the shot-noise limit, but the associated entanglement is highly susceptible to loss, making imperfections in atom optics a central limitation. Bragg diffraction is an established technique for driving transitions between atomic momentum states and enables large-momentum transfer through higher-order diffraction while preserving the internal state. However, it is intrinsically limited by two competing mechanisms: Short light pulses induce parasitic diffraction into off-resonant orders beyond an effective two-level description, while long pulses face velocity selectivity. We derive analytical expressions in a second-quantized framework for the atom optics and phase uncertainty of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer including these effects. We demonstrate that sub-shot-noise scaling is achieved only in a regime of intermediate pulse duration. Furthermore, we show that deleterious effects of higher-order diffraction are partially mitigated by optimizing the input quantum state.

Abstract:Spin squeezing in atomic ensembles enables atom interferometry with sensitivities below the shot-noise limit, but the associated entanglement is highly susceptible to loss, making imperfections in atom optics a central limitation. Bragg diffraction is an established technique for driving transitions between atomic momentum states and enables large-momentum transfer through higher-order diffraction while preserving the internal state. However, it is intrinsically limited by two competing mechanisms: Short light pulses induce parasitic diffraction into off-resonant orders beyond an effective two-level description, while long pulses face velocity selectivity. We derive analytical expressions in a second-quantized framework for the atom optics and phase uncertainty of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer including these effects. We demonstrate that sub-shot-noise scaling is achieved only in a regime of intermediate pulse duration. Furthermore, we show that deleterious effects of higher-order diffraction are partially mitigated by optimizing the input quantum state.

20 pages, 11 figures, second institution is C. M. Karres' current address (affiliation)

Quantum Physics (quant-ph); Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph)

arXiv:2605.21643 [quant-ph]

(or arXiv:2605.21643v2 [quant-ph] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2605.21643 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite

Phys. Rev. Research 8, 033247 (2026)

https://doi.org/10.1103/wr69-9hr5 Focus to learn more DOI(s) linking to related resources

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Balancing Quasi-Bragg Regime and Velocity Selectivity in Quantum-Enhanced Atom Interferometry

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