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This research proposes "Ask the Expert," a training-time framework that leverages Large Language Models to improve sample efficiency in reinforcement learning for autonomous cyber defense, ultimately discarding the LLM before deployment to eliminate latency and trust risks. By transforming LLM-generated recommendations into reward shaping for a Policy Gradient agent, the method outperforms standard baselines while maintaining a pure RL policy during actual operation. The work represents a significant step toward practical, high-performance AI agents capable of handling complex security state spaces without relying on external generative models at runtime.
Ask the Expert: LLM-Guided Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Cyber Defense
arXiv:2610.09337v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Policy-based reinforcement learning (RL) approaches have produced promising results for autonomous cyber defense; however, they are sample-inefficient in settings where defenders must respond under delayed, partial observations with actions from large action spaces. While large language models (LLMs) may reason semantically about security state space, high latency and trust assumptions prevent attractive in-line deployment models. We introduce Ask the Expert, a training-time guidance framework which first summarizes hard cyber-defense states, then intermittently queries an LLM for host-level defensive recommendations via a constrained action interface, and finally transforms those recommendations into tiered reward shaping for use with PPO. Because the LLM is discarded after training, deployment is a pure RL policy. Across TTCP CAGE CC1 and CC2 and both attacker types, this asymmetric design improves sample efficiency over PPO and outperforms the evaluated potential-based reward shaping (PBRS) baselines, while retaining the strongest terminal mean and requiring no LLM dependency at deployment time.
Abstract:Policy-based reinforcement learning (RL) approaches have produced promising results for autonomous cyber defense; however, they are sample-inefficient in settings where defenders must respond under delayed, partial observations with actions from large action spaces. While large language models (LLMs) may reason semantically about security state space, high latency and trust assumptions prevent attractive in-line deployment models. We introduce Ask the Expert, a training-time guidance framework which first summarizes hard cyber-defense states, then intermittently queries an LLM for host-level defensive recommendations via a constrained action interface, and finally transforms those recommendations into tiered reward shaping for use with PPO. Because the LLM is discarded after training, deployment is a pure RL policy. Across TTCP CAGE CC1 and CC2 and both attacker types, this asymmetric design improves sample efficiency over PPO and outperforms the evaluated potential-based reward shaping (PBRS) baselines, while retaining the strongest terminal mean and requiring no LLM dependency at deployment time.
Accepted for publication at IEEE GLOBECOM 2026. Proceedings forthcoming. 6 pages, 4 figures
Cryptography and Security (cs.CR); Machine Learning (cs.LG)
arXiv:2610.09337 [cs.CR]
(or arXiv:2610.09337v1 [cs.CR] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.09337 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)
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