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This review traces the evolution of agentic AI from early social simulations to modern large language models within the context of behavioral science. It highlights how these technologies have fundamentally reshaped scientific methodology and our capacity for self-understanding over the past seven decades. The paper underscores that current enthusiasm for generative AI is part of a long, intertwined history between computational tools and human inquiry.
Artificially intelligent agents in the social and behavioral sciences: A history and outlook
arXiv:2510.05743v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: We review the historical development and current trends of artificially intelligent agents (agentic AI) in the social and behavioral sciences: from the first programmable computers, and social simulations soon thereafter, to today's experiments with large language models. This overview emphasizes the role of AI in the scientific process and the changes brought about, both through technological advancements and the broader evolution of science from around 1950 to the present. Some of the specific points we cover include: the challenges of presenting the first social simulation studies to a world unaware of computers, the rise of social systems science, intelligent game theoretic agents, the age of big data and the epistemic upheaval in its wake, and the current enthusiasm around applications of generative AI, and many other topics. A pervasive theme is how deeply entwined we are with the technologies we use to understand ourselves.
Abstract:We review the historical development and current trends of artificially intelligent agents (agentic AI) in the social and behavioral sciences: from the first programmable computers, and social simulations soon thereafter, to today's experiments with large language models. This overview emphasizes the role of AI in the scientific process and the changes brought about, both through technological advancements and the broader evolution of science from around 1950 to the present. Some of the specific points we cover include: the challenges of presenting the first social simulation studies to a world unaware of computers, the rise of social systems science, intelligent game theoretic agents, the age of big data and the epistemic upheaval in its wake, and the current enthusiasm around applications of generative AI, and many other topics. A pervasive theme is how deeply entwined we are with the technologies we use to understand ourselves.
Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Computers and Society (cs.CY)
arXiv:2510.05743 [cs.AI]
(or arXiv:2510.05743v3 [cs.AI] for this version)
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