An integrated photonic millimeter-wave receiver with sub-ambient noise temperature

arXiv:2510.06176v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Growing demands for timing precision in positioning systems, and resolution in atmospheric sensing and automotive radar, have extended receiver frontends into the millimetre-wave and THz regimes. At these frequencies, the noise performance of field-effect transistors used in low-noise amplifiers degrades rapidly due to parasitic effects, limited carrier mobility, hot electrons, and shot noise. Parametric transducers that couple electromagnetic signals to optical fields can offer quantum-limited sensitivity at room temperature. Electro-optic materials can enable receivers that transduce radiofrequency signals into optical phase shifts. Yet to date, room-temperature receivers using electro-optical detection have not attained a noise figure comparable to the electronic amplifiers. Here we demonstrate a room-temperature cavity electro-optic-based millimetre-wave receiver on a lithium tantalate photonic integrated circuit, achieving an on-chip photon-number transduction efficiency of 10%. The equivalent input-referred receiver-added noise temperatures reach $110\,\mathrm{K}$ on-chip and $202^{+35}_{-33}\,\mathrm{K}$ for the full system at 60.5 GHz, with noise figure matching state-of-the-art V-band electronic low-noise amplifiers. We resolve the thermal noise in cavity electro-optic transducers, showing that the system is limited by thermal photon occupation ($\sim$100) in the millimetre-wave cavity and optical vacuum noise, with no measurable excess noise. Our work demonstrates that integrated photonics can reach state-of-the-art electronic receiver noise performance while offering high-radiofrequency-power survivability and compatibility with remote optical readout. This establishes cavity electro-optics as a low-noise, electromagnetic interference-resilient, chip-scale receiver frontend for millimetre-wave applications, enabling scalable analogue processing in the optical domain.