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This paper addresses the critical challenge of long-horizon reasoning in multimodal large language models by introducing AdaC-GRPO, an adaptive curriculum learning method that mitigates reward sparsity during reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards. By dynamically adjusting training batches based on a model's "Zone of Proximal Development," the approach significantly improves performance on complex visual Sudoku tasks, narrowing the gap between open-source and proprietary models. The work highlights essential advancements in algorithmic efficiency for solving multi-step deductive problems without relying on external priors.
AdaC-GRPO: Towards Mastering Long-Horizon Visual Sudoku Puzzles via Adaptive Curriculum Learning
arXiv:2610.13184v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: While reinforcement learning with verifiable reward (RLVR) enhances reasoning in large language models, its efficacy in long-horizon multimodal tasks remains underexplored. Visual Sudoku puzzles pose a representative challenge, requiring multi-step deductive reasoning over both local constraints and global dependency chains. To this end, we introduce FG-Sudoku, a fine-grained benchmark categorized by grid size and required deductive steps. Evaluations reveal that frontier MLLMs fail on complex long-range dependencies (e.g., 9*9 puzzles). During post-training, this near-zero success rate causes severe reward sparsity, halting standard RLVR. We propose Adaptive Curriculum Group Relative Policy Optimization (AdaC-GRPO) to overcome this. Unlike rigid or prior-based schedules, AdaC-GRPO dynamically constructs training batches by tracking the model's "Zone of Proximal Development" via online rollout accuracy. Experiments demonstrate that AdaC-GRPO enables Qwen2.5-VL-7B to approach the performance of Gemini-2.5-Flash while bridging 62.2% of the overall accuracy gap to Gemini-2.5-Pro, with its generalizability further validated across InternVL-3.5 and Qwen3-VL.
Abstract:While reinforcement learning with verifiable reward (RLVR) enhances reasoning in large language models, its efficacy in long-horizon multimodal tasks remains underexplored. Visual Sudoku puzzles pose a representative challenge, requiring multi-step deductive reasoning over both local constraints and global dependency chains. To this end, we introduce FG-Sudoku, a fine-grained benchmark categorized by grid size and required deductive steps. Evaluations reveal that frontier MLLMs fail on complex long-range dependencies (e.g., 9*9 puzzles). During post-training, this near-zero success rate causes severe reward sparsity, halting standard RLVR. We propose Adaptive Curriculum Group Relative Policy Optimization (AdaC-GRPO) to overcome this. Unlike rigid or prior-based schedules, AdaC-GRPO dynamically constructs training batches by tracking the model's "Zone of Proximal Development" via online rollout accuracy. Experiments demonstrate that AdaC-GRPO enables Qwen2.5-VL-7B to approach the performance of Gemini-2.5-Flash while bridging 62.2% of the overall accuracy gap to Gemini-2.5-Pro, with its generalizability further validated across InternVL-3.5 and Qwen3-VL.
Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
arXiv:2610.13184 [cs.AI]
(or arXiv:2610.13184v1 [cs.AI] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.13184 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)
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