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This research introduces SpAx, a novel technique that accelerates Large Language Model decoding by intelligently approximating weights associated with low-magnitude activations rather than simply omitting them. By offering three distinct handling options for offloaded weights—full retention, compression, or omission—the method significantly reduces memory bandwidth bottlenecks on consumer-grade hardware while maintaining acceptable model quality. The approach achieves substantial speedups of up to 5.57x when using CPU memory, demonstrating a practical path forward for deploying larger models on limited resources.
Activation Sparsity with Weight Approximation for Faster LLM Decoding on Offloaded Weights
arXiv:2610.02598v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Deploying LLMs on consumer-grade GPUs with insufficient memory to hold their weights can result in prohibitively slow inference, because decoding repeatedly transfers offloaded weights from system RAM or flash storage into GPU at much lower bandwidth than local GPU-memory access. Activation sparsity reduces these transfers by skipping weights associated with zero or near-zero activations. However, as more activation contributions are omitted, model quality eventually degrades rapidly, indicating that weights associated with small-magnitude activations collectively influence model quality sharply. In this work, we improve the trade-off between model quality and decoding performance when exploiting activation sparsity. Our key idea is to replace the binary choice of whether or not to read a weight with three options: fully retain it, approximate it using a compressed weight representation, or omit it entirely. SpAx skips weights associated with activations closest to zero, reads approximate weights for smaller-magnitude activations, and reads original weights for the largest-magnitude activations. Smaller-magnitude activations attenuate the errors introduced by approximate weights, while compressed weight representations require fewer bytes to be transferred. With weights offloaded to CPU memory, SpAx speeds up decoding by 3.86X on average (up to 5.57X) with 16-bit weights and 2.06X (up to 2.74X) with 4-bit weights, at a WikiText-2 perplexity increase of at most 10%. With weights offloaded to flash storage, the speedups are 3.31X on average (up to 4.81X) and 1.54X (up to 2.03X).
Abstract:Deploying LLMs on consumer-grade GPUs with insufficient memory to hold their weights can result in prohibitively slow inference, because decoding repeatedly transfers offloaded weights from system RAM or flash storage into GPU at much lower bandwidth than local GPU-memory access. Activation sparsity reduces these transfers by skipping weights associated with zero or near-zero activations. However, as more activation contributions are omitted, model quality eventually degrades rapidly, indicating that weights associated with small-magnitude activations collectively influence model quality sharply. In this work, we improve the trade-off between model quality and decoding performance when exploiting activation sparsity. Our key idea is to replace the binary choice of whether or not to read a weight with three options: fully retain it, approximate it using a compressed weight representation, or omit it entirely. SpAx skips weights associated with activations closest to zero, reads approximate weights for smaller-magnitude activations, and reads original weights for the largest-magnitude activations. Smaller-magnitude activations attenuate the errors introduced by approximate weights, while compressed weight representations require fewer bytes to be transferred. With weights offloaded to CPU memory, SpAx speeds up decoding by 3.86X on average (up to 5.57X) with 16-bit weights and 2.06X (up to 2.74X) with 4-bit weights, at a WikiText-2 perplexity increase of at most 10%. With weights offloaded to flash storage, the speedups are 3.31X on average (up to 4.81X) and 1.54X (up to 2.03X).
Machine Learning (cs.LG); Performance (cs.PF)
arXiv:2610.02598 [cs.LG]
(or arXiv:2610.02598v1 [cs.LG] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.02598 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)
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