A Source Domain is All You Need: Source-Only Cross-OS Transfer Learning for APT Anomaly Detection via Semantic Alignment and Optimal Transport

Abstract:Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) are stealthy, multi-stage cyberattacks whose detection is difficult due to scarce labeled traces, severe class imbalance, and the challenge of generating realistic malicious behavior. These challenges are amplified in cross-operating-system (cross-OS) settings, where a detector trained on one source platform must be deployed on an unlabeled target platform without access to target-domain labels. We study this source-only cross-OS APT detection problem using system-level provenance traces and propose a transport-based framework for ranking anomalous target processes under zero target supervision. The framework abstracts process behavior into structured natural-language descriptions, embeds them using pretrained language models, and constructs a source-normal reference for target scoring. It combines three evidence channels: semantic deviation from source-normal prototypes, structural deviation captured by graph autoencoding, and geometric deviation measured through Optimal Transport (OT). The main contribution is an OT-based barycentric anomaly score that projects target embeddings onto the source-normal manifold and quantifies residual transport mismatch. We further introduce entropy-weighted, angle-aware, and density-aware OT variants to capture uncertainty, directional drift, and sparse-support behavior. Evaluation on DARPA Transparent Computing data spanning Linux, Windows, BSD, and Android, across two APT scenarios and twelve cross-OS transfer pairs, shows that the proposed framework improves ROC-AUC and nDCG over source-only anomaly-detection baselines. The results demonstrate that source-only provenance modeling, combined with semantic abstraction and OT-based anomaly scoring, can support practical cross-platform APT detection without target-domain supervision.

Machine Learning (cs.LG); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)

arXiv:2606.10216 [cs.LG]

(or arXiv:2606.10216v1 [cs.LG] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2606.10216 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

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