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This experiment demonstrates a superconducting quantum thermal machine violating classical thermodynamic uncertainty relations, achieving higher precision at reduced energy costs than theoretically possible for classical systems. By resolving tiny steady-state currents in a coupled microwave waveguide setup, researchers have provided concrete evidence of fundamental distinctions between classical and quantum non-equilibrium dynamics. These findings establish a new benchmark for quantum devices that could eventually outperform classical limits in efficiency and control.
A quantum thermal machine surpassing the classical thermodynamic limit on precision
arXiv:2609.37149v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Precision in nonequilibrium processes comes at a thermodynamic cost: suppressing fluctuations generally requires increased dissipation. Thermodynamic uncertainty relations (TURs) make this trade-off quantitative by linking current fluctuations to entropy production in classical stochastic dynamics. In the decade since its discovery, the canonical steady-state TUR and its finite-time generalizations have become a cornerstone of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, constraining the performance of molecular machines and allowing heat dissipation to be inferred from observable fluctuations. Whether the canonical TUR can be violated in a controlled quantum device remains an outstanding experimental question, in part because doing so requires resolving extremely small steady-state currents as well as their fluctuations. Here we experimentally show that steady-state quantum transport can surpass the precision permitted by the canonical TUR. We observe this violation in a superconducting quantum thermal machine coupled to a microwave waveguide acting as a cold bath and to a classical noise source providing an effective infinite-temperature bath. We observe a TUR ratio $Q = 1.71 \pm 0.17$, in violation of the classical bound $Q \geq 2$. Our results demonstrate a fundamental distinction between classical and quantum thermodynamics, paving the way for quantum thermal devices that achieve enhanced precision at reduced energy cost.
Abstract:Precision in nonequilibrium processes comes at a thermodynamic cost: suppressing fluctuations generally requires increased dissipation. Thermodynamic uncertainty relations (TURs) make this trade-off quantitative by linking current fluctuations to entropy production in classical stochastic dynamics. In the decade since its discovery, the canonical steady-state TUR and its finite-time generalizations have become a cornerstone of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, constraining the performance of molecular machines and allowing heat dissipation to be inferred from observable fluctuations. Whether the canonical TUR can be violated in a controlled quantum device remains an outstanding experimental question, in part because doing so requires resolving extremely small steady-state currents as well as their fluctuations. Here we experimentally show that steady-state quantum transport can surpass the precision permitted by the canonical TUR. We observe this violation in a superconducting quantum thermal machine coupled to a microwave waveguide acting as a cold bath and to a classical noise source providing an effective infinite-temperature bath. We observe a TUR ratio $Q = 1.71 \pm 0.17$, in violation of the classical bound $Q \geq 2$. Our results demonstrate a fundamental distinction between classical and quantum thermodynamics, paving the way for quantum thermal devices that achieve enhanced precision at reduced energy cost.
arXiv:2609.37149 [quant-ph]
(or arXiv:2609.37149v1 [quant-ph] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.37149 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)
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