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This paper is foundational quantum physics rather than a device or application, but it sits within quantum network theory. It shows that a three-variable entanglement-swapping network can exhibit non-classical behavior without the locality assumption or free measurement choices that Bell-type tests normally require. Its claim that interventions improve noise robustness is the part most relevant to experimentalists, though the paper remains theoretical and is not a demonstration of a usable quantum technology.
A minimal example of quantum non-classicality without freedom of choice
arXiv:2404.12790v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Bell's theorem is often considered the most stringent notion of non-classicality. The generalization of Bell's theorem to causal networks offers interesting new perspectives on the phenomenon of quantum non-classicality and prompts us with a fundamental inquiry: What is the simplest scenario leading to the incompatibility between quantum correlations and the classical theory of causality? Here we demonstrate that quantum non-classicality is possible in an entanglement swapping network consisting of only three dichotomic variables, without the need for the locality assumption or external measurement choices. We also show that interventions, a central tool in the field of causal inference, significantly improve the noise robustness of this new kind of non-classical behavior, making it feasible for experimental tests with current technology.
Abstract:Bell's theorem is often considered the most stringent notion of non-classicality. The generalization of Bell's theorem to causal networks offers interesting new perspectives on the phenomenon of quantum non-classicality and prompts us with a fundamental inquiry: What is the simplest scenario leading to the incompatibility between quantum correlations and the classical theory of causality? Here we demonstrate that quantum non-classicality is possible in an entanglement swapping network consisting of only three dichotomic variables, without the need for the locality assumption or external measurement choices. We also show that interventions, a central tool in the field of causal inference, significantly improve the noise robustness of this new kind of non-classical behavior, making it feasible for experimental tests with current technology.
10.1103/PhysRevLett.135.090201
arXiv:2404.12790 [quant-ph]
(or arXiv:2404.12790v2 [quant-ph] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2404.12790 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite
Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 09020 -- Published 26 August, 2025
https://doi.org/10.1103/3854-r395 Focus to learn more DOI(s) linking to related resources
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